Double-level ball-riding robot balancing: From system design, modeling, controller synthesis, to performance evaluation

Abstract In this research, a new robot, double-level ball-riding robot, is introduced. The robot consists of an upper ball-riding subsystem and a lower ball-riding subsystem. The robot’s dynamics model can be considered separately in two identical planes. Euler–Lagrange equation of motion is applied in order to obtain the dynamics model. Motors are included in the robot’s model. The model is then linearized. The robot’s parameters are identified. The robot’s prototype is manufactured and assembled. Linear Quadratic Regulator with Integral (LQR + I) controller is proposed and applied in order to balance both levels of the robot. The complementary and orientation transformation are used to fuse sensors in order to obtain robot leaning angles. Balancing performance of the developed double-level ball-riding robot is evaluated by simulations and experiments. The results show efficient control performance of LQR + I controller.