Improved Distances to Type Ia Supernovae with Multicolor Light-Curve Shapes: MLCS2k2

We present an updated version of the multicolor light-curve shape method to measure distances to Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), incorporating new procedures for K-correction and extinction corrections. We also develop a simple model to disentangle intrinsic color variations and reddening by dust and expand the method to incorporate U-band light curves and to more easily accommodate prior constraints on any of the model parameters. We apply this method to 133 nearby SNe Ia, including 95 objects in the Hubble flow (cz ≥ 2500 km s-1), which give an intrinsic dispersion of less than 7% in distance. The Hubble flow sample, which is of critical importance to all cosmological uses of SNe Ia, is the largest ever presented with homogeneous distances. We find that the Hubble flow SNe with H0dSN ≥ 7400 km s-1 yield an expansion rate that is 6.5% ± 1.8% lower than the rate determined from SNe within that distance, and this can have a large effect on measurements of the dark energy equation of state with SNe Ia. Peculiar velocities of SN Ia host galaxies in the rest frame of the Local Group are consistent with the dipole measured in the cosmic microwave background. Direct fits of SNe Ia that are significantly reddened by dust in their host galaxies suggest that their mean extinction law may be described by RV 2.7, but optical colors alone provide weak constraints on RV.

[1]  Cepheid Calibrations from the Hubble Space Telescope of the Luminosity of Two Recent Type Ia Supernovae and a Redetermination of the Hubble Constant , 2004, astro-ph/0503159.

[2]  A. Saha,et al.  The Hubble Constant: A Summary of the Hubble Space Telescope Program for the Luminosity Calibration of Type Ia Supernovae by Means of Cepheids , 2006, astro-ph/0603647.

[3]  A Local Hubble Bubble from SNe Ia , 1998, astro-ph/9802252.

[4]  A. Riess,et al.  The Velocity Field from Type Ia Supernovae Matches the Gravity Field from Galaxy Surveys , 1997, astro-ph/9707261.

[5]  et al,et al.  UBVRI Light Curves of 44 Type Ia Supernovae , 2005 .

[6]  William H. Press,et al.  Numerical Recipes in C, 2nd Edition , 1992 .

[7]  W. Press,et al.  Is the Dust Obscuring Supernovae in Distant Galaxies the Same as Dust in the Milky Way? , 1996 .

[8]  K. Gordon,et al.  Starburst-like Dust Extinction in the Small Magellanic Cloud , 1998, astro-ph/9802003.

[9]  J. Tonry,et al.  The Surface Brightness Fluctuation Survey of Galaxy Distances. II. Local and Large-Scale Flows , 1999, astro-ph/9907062.

[10]  Adam G. Riess,et al.  BVRI Light Curves for 22 Type Ia Supernovae , 1998 .

[11]  P. Astier,et al.  SALT : a spectral adaptive light curve template for type Ia supernovae , 2005 .

[12]  C. Gouiffes,et al.  The properties of the peculiar type Ia supernova 1991bg — I. Analysis and discussion of two years of observations , 1996, astro-ph/9605178.

[13]  F. Pedichini,et al.  Optical and Near-Infrared Photometry of the Type Ia Supernova 2000E in NGC 6951 , 2003, astro-ph/0306391.

[14]  P. Székely,et al.  Photometry of SN 2002bo with template image subtraction , 2003, astro-ph/0306606.

[15]  A. Pastorello,et al.  Supernova 2002bo: inadequacy of the single parameter description , 2004 .

[16]  C. Stubbs,et al.  Results of the Mount Stromlo Abell cluster supernova search , 2004 .

[17]  Stefano Casertano,et al.  Type Ia Supernova Discoveries at z > 1 from the Hubble Space Telescope: Evidence for Past Deceleration and Constraints on Dark Energy Evolution , 2004, astro-ph/0402512.

[18]  S. E. Persson,et al.  Optical and Infrared Photometry of the Type Ia Supernovae 1999da, 1999dk, 1999gp, 2000bk, and 2000ce , 2001, astro-ph/0106088.

[19]  Extinction and Radial Distribution of Supernova Properties in Their Parent Galaxies , 1997, astro-ph/9711311.

[20]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds , 1998 .

[21]  Marco Riello,et al.  Extinction correction for Type Ia supernova rates – I. The model , 2005, astro-ph/0506684.

[22]  The subluminous type ia supernova 1998de in ngc 252 , 2000, astro-ph/0008012.

[23]  Gerson Goldhaber,et al.  Multicolor Light Curves of Type Ia Supernovae on the Color-Magnitude Diagram: A Novel Step toward More Precise Distance and Extinction Estimates , 2003, astro-ph/0302341.

[24]  V. S. Dhillon,et al.  An early-time infrared and optical study of the Type IA supernovae SN 1994D and 1991T , 1996 .

[25]  William Press,et al.  A Precise Distance Indicator: Type Ia Supernova Multicolor Light-Curve Shapes , 1996, astro-ph/9604143.

[26]  L. Marschall,et al.  UBVRI Photometry of the Type Ia SN 1994D in NGC 4526 , 1995 .

[27]  Nicholas B. Suntzeff,et al.  A Hubble diagram of distant type IA supernovae , 1993 .

[28]  M. Turatto,et al.  THE TYPE IA SUPERNOVA 1994D IN NGC 4526 : THE EARLY PHASES , 1996 .

[29]  R. Kirshner.  Hubble's diagram and cosmic expansion , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  BVRI Light Curves for 29 Type Ia Supernovae , 1996, astro-ph/9609064.

[31]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds , 1997, astro-ph/9710327.

[32]  A. Kim,et al.  A GENERALIZED K CORRECTION FOR TYPE IA SUPERNOVAE: COMPARING R-BAND PHOTOMETRY BEYOND Z=0.2 WITH B, V, AND R-BAND NEARBY PHOTOMETRY , 1996 .

[33]  R. Cen,et al.  The relation of local measures of Hubble's constant to its global value , 1992 .

[34]  J. E. O'Donnell.  R(sub nu)-dependent optical and near-ultraviolet extinction , 1994 .

[35]  Alexei V. Filippenko,et al.  Optical spectra of supernovae , 1997 .

[36]  I. Zehavi,et al.  A Local Hubble Bubble from Type Ia Supernovae? , 1998 .

[37]  J. P. Huchra,et al.  Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant , 1998, astro-ph/9801080.

[38]  S. Jha,et al.  The Luminosity of SN 1999by in NGC 2841 and the Nature of “Peculiar” Type Ia Supernovae , 2001, astro-ph/0105490.

[39]  P. Nugent,et al.  The intrinsic colour dispersion in Type Ia supernovae , 2003 .

[40]  W. M. Wood-Vasey,et al.  The Type Ia Supernova 1999aw: A Probable 1999aa-like Event in a Low-Luminosity Host Galaxy , 2002, astro-ph/0207409.

[41]  A. Riess,et al.  Snapshot Distances to Type Ia Supernovae: All in “One” Night's Work , 1997, astro-ph/9804065.

[42]  Armin Rest,et al.  Photometry of the Type Ia Supernovae 1999cc, 1999cl, and 2000cf , 2005, astro-ph/0511162.

[43]  R. Buta,et al.  THE PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRIGHT TYPE I SUPERNOVA 1981B IN NGC 4536. , 1983 .

[44]  D. J. Fixsen,et al.  The Cosmic Microwave Background spectrum from the full COBE FIRAS data set , 1996 .

[45]  Will Saunders,et al.  The PSCz catalogue , 1999, astro-ph/9909191.

[46]  The evidence of absence: galaxy voids in the excursion set formalism , 2005, astro-ph/0509148.

[47]  M. Phillips,et al.  Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant , 1998, astro-ph/9805201.

[48]  M. Geller,et al.  The UZC-SSRS2 Group Catalog , 2002, astro-ph/0202326.

[49]  Joel R. Primack,et al.  Dynamical effects of the cosmological constant. , 1991 .

[50]  E. Commins.  Observational selection, host galaxy dust, and Type Ia supernovae , 2004 .

[51]  A. Uomoto,et al.  The optical light curves of SN 1980N and SN 1981D in NGC 1316 (Fornax A) , 1991 .

[52]  A. Riess,et al.  Uniformity of (V–Near-Infrared) Color Evolution of Type Ia Supernovae and Implications for Host Galaxy Extinction Determination , 1999, astro-ph/9912219.

[53]  A New Method to Calibrate the Magnitudes of Type Ia Supernovae at Maximum Light , 2006, astro-ph/0603407.

[54]  Peter Garnavich,et al.  Cosmological Results from High-z Supernovae , 2003, astro-ph/0305008.

[55]  M. Phillips,et al.  The reddening-free decline rate versus luminosity relationship for type ia supernovae , 1999, astro-ph/9907052.

[56]  E. I. Robson,et al.  The Type IA Supernova 1989B in NGC 3627 (M66) , 1994 .

[57]  D. Branch,et al.  Determination of the Hubble Constant Using a Two-Parameter Luminosity Correction for Type Ia Supernovae , 1999, astro-ph/9904347.

[58]  E. Ofek,et al.  The Unique Type Ia Supernova 2000cx in NGC 524 , 2001, astro-ph/0107318.

[59]  Lifan Wang.  Dust around Type Ia Supernovae , 2005 .

[60]  S. E. Persson,et al.  Optical and Infrared Photometry of the Type Ia Supernovae 1991T, 1991bg, 1999ek, 2001bt, 2001cn, 2001cz, and 2002bo , 2004, astro-ph/0409036.

[61]  Kevin Krisciunas,et al.  Optical and Infrared Photometry of the Nearby Type Ia Supernova 2001el , 2002 .

[62]  A. S. Fruchter,et al.  Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Light Curves , 2001, astro-ph/0104382.

[63]  M. Thomas,et al.  Optical and Infrared Photometry of the Unusual Type Ia Supernova 2000cx , 2002, astro-ph/0212543.

[64]  William H. Press,et al.  Numerical recipes in C , 2002 .

[65]  Time Dilation from Spectral Feature Age Measurements of Type Ia Supernovae , 1997, astro-ph/9707260.

[66]  M. Phillips,et al.  The Absolute Magnitudes of Type IA Supernovae , 1993 .

[67]  Evidence for Spectropolarimetric Diversity in Type Ia Supernovae , 2005, astro-ph/0506470.

[68]  L. Ho,et al.  The subluminous spectroscopically peculiar type Ia supernova 1991bg in the elliptical galaxy NGC 4374 , 1992 .

[69]  R. C. Smith,et al.  The morphology of type ia supernovae light curves , 1996 .

[70]  M. Hamuy,et al.  K-CORRECTIONS FOR TYPE IA SUPERNOVAE , 1993 .

[71]  J. Mathis,et al.  The relationship between infrared, optical, and ultraviolet extinction , 1989 .

[72]  P. Nugent,et al.  K‐Corrections and Extinction Corrections for Type Ia Supernovae , 2002, astro-ph/0205351.

[73]  A comparison of local Type Ia supernovae with the IRAS PSCz gravity field , 2004, astro-ph/0409551.

[74]  A. Filippenko,et al.  CCD photometry of three Type Ia supernovae: V, R, and I light curves , 1993 .

[75]  Jan Peters,et al.  SN 1991bg - A type Ia supernova with a difference , 1993 .

[76]  Daniel E. Reichart,et al.  Dust Extinction Curves and Lyα Forest Flux Deficits for Use in Modeling Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and All Other Extragalactic Point Sources , 2001 .

[77]  A NOVEL COLOR PARAMETER AS A LUMINOSITY CALIBRATOR FOR TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE , 2005, astro-ph/0501565.

[78]  Streaming motions of galaxy clusters within 12 000 km s−1– V. The peculiar velocity field , 2004, astro-ph/0404386.

[79]  K. Gordon,et al.  A Reanalysis of the Ultraviolet Extinction from Interstellar Dust in the Large Magellanic Cloud , 1998, astro-ph/9811036.

[80]  Edward L. Fitzpatrick,et al.  Correcting for the Effects of Interstellar Extinction , 1998, astro-ph/9809387.

[81]  P. Berlind,et al.  Chemistry and Star Formation in the Host Galaxies of Type Ia Supernovae , 2005 .

[82]  B. McLeod,et al.  The Extinction Law in High-Redshift Galaxies , 2004, astro-ph/0401548.

[83]  R. Ellis,et al.  Measurements of $\Omega$ and $\Lambda$ from 42 high redshift supernovae , 1998, astro-ph/9812133.

[84]  E. Hubble.  A RELATION BETWEEN DISTANCE AND RADIAL VELOCITY AMONG EXTRA-GALACTIC NEBULAE. , 1929, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[85]  M. Wolff,et al.  Measuring Extinction Curves of Lensing Galaxies , 2005, astro-ph/0501489.

[86]  S. E. Persson,et al.  Optical and Infrared Photometry of the Nearby Type Ia Supernovae 1999ee, 2000bh, 2000ca, and 2001ba , 2003, astro-ph/0311439.

[87]  Adam G. Riess,et al.  Determining the Motion of the Local Group Using SN Ia Light Curve Shapes , 1994 .

[88]  The template type Ia supernova 1996X , 2000, astro-ph/0009065.

[89]  Alan Uomoto,et al.  THE TYPE IA SUPERNOVA 1986G IN NGC 5128 : OPTICAL PHOTOMETRY AND SPECTRA. , 1987 .

[90]  Pasadena,et al.  Reddening, Absorption, and Decline Rate Corrections for a Complete Sample of Type Ia Supernovae Leading to a Fully Corrected Hubble Diagram to v < 30,000 km s–1 , 2005, astro-ph/0501664.

[91]  Photometric observations of the Type Ia SN 2002er in UGC 10743 , 2004, astro-ph/0408234.

[92]  A. Pastorello,et al.  Cepheid calibration of Type Ia supernovae and the Hubble constant , 2004 .

[93]  R. Ellis,et al.  Measurements of the cosmological parameters omega and lambda from the first seven supernovae at z greater than or equal to 0.35 , 1996, astro-ph/9608192.

[94]  Mamoru Doi,et al.  New Constraints on ΩM, ΩΛ, and w from an Independent Set of 11 High-Redshift Supernovae Observed with the Hubble Space Telescope , 2003 .

[95]  Caltech,et al.  SN 2002cx: The Most Peculiar Known Type Ia Supernova , 2003, astro-ph/0301428.

[96]  A. Saha,et al.  Supernova Type Ia Luminosities, Their Dependence on Second Parameters, and the Value of H0 , 2000, astro-ph/0004063.

[97]  B. Draine.  INTERSTELLAR DUST GRAINS , 2003, astro-ph/0304489.

[98]  Optical Light Curve of the Type Ia Supernova 1998bu in M96 and the Supernova Calibration of the Hubble Constant , 1998, astro-ph/9811205.