Introduction to Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is the study of inelastic scattering of light. The inelasticity stems from a transfer of energy between the incident radiation field and the material under investigation. The technique provides, amongst other things, important information about the vibrational state of matter. One of the most influential early investigations into light scattering was undertaken by Lord Rayleigh (1899). In this study it was shown that the intensity of elastically scattered light is strongly dependent on its wavelength. In fact an inverse fourth power dependence on wavelength was proved, and was subsequently called the Rayleigh law. The process of inelastic scattering was theoretically predicted by Brillouin (1922) and Smekal (1923). (In Brillouin scattering radiation couples with acoustic modes of a system.) Key observations of very weak inelastic scattering phenomena were made in a remarkable experiment undertaken by C. V. Raman together with K. S. Krishnan (1928). The experimental set-up comprised focussed, filtered sunlight as the source, a sample of neat liquid and a telescope as the detector. Soon after, Landsberg and Mandelstam (1928) reported inelastic scattering of light from quartz with Cabannes (1928), Rocard (1928), and Raman and Krishnan (1929) themselves also offering subsequent quantitative studies in various media. Several books provide excellent descriptions of the history of the Raman effect (Long, 1977; Ferraro and Nakamoto, 1994).

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