Quantifying the present and future climate impact of wildfire emission heights in an Earth System Model

Wildfires represent a major source for aerosol particles impacting atmospheric radiative transfer, atmospheric chemistry and cloud micro-physical properties. Compared to other emission sources, wildfires are unique in the sense that they are the only widespread source which can release emissions at high altitudes. Previous studies indicate that the height of the aerosol-radiation interaction crucially affects its climate impact. But the sensitivity to emission heights, i.e., the altitude at which emissions are injected into the atmosphere, has been examined only by a few case studies. In Earth system models (ESMs), the release of wildfire emissions is usually prescribed at the surface or at fixed heights. In this study, a semi-empirical plume height parametrization is implemented and advanced in the aerosol-climate model ECHAM6-HAM2 to investigate the impact of wildfire emission heights on the atmospheric long-range transport of black carbon (BC) particles and radiation. The modified plume height parametrization simulates a reasonable global plume height distribution representing a major improvement over a prescribed emission release. However, the comparison to observational aerosol optical thickness (AOT) data shows that the improved plume height implementation only slightly enhances the model performance in AOT regionally, while large biases remain globally. Free-tropospheric BC concentrations are mainly determined by tropical convection and differences in emission inventories rather than by differences between parametrized and prescribed emission heights. Using the plume height parametrization, wildfire aerosol emissions cause a top of atmosphere radiative forcing (TOA RF) of -0.20±0.07 Wm−2. A prescribed emission release at the surface entails a comparable TOA RF of -0.16±0.06 Wm−2. Overall, substantial improvements in wildfire aerosol modeling likely rely on better emission inventories and aerosol process modeling rather than on improved emission heights. In addition to the plume height sensitivity experiments, future wildfire emission fluxes and emission heights are simulated for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. For this purpose, the process-based fire model SPITFIRE within the global vegetation model JSBACH is modified and run. The simulated fire emission fluxes and fire intensities serve as input for an ensemble of ECHAM6-HAM2 experiments. Compared to present day, fire emission fluxes are simulated to significantly increase in the extra-tropics by 2090-2099 due to enhanced fuel availability. The strongest changes in emission fluxes are found for the strongest warming scenario RCP8.5. In the tropics, fire emissions generally decrease due to land-use changes. While the increased atmospheric stability tends to decrease plume heights for RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, the enhanced fire intensity overcompensates the stability effects in RCP8.5. Nevertheless, mean global emission heights differ only by a few hundred meters. Changes in atmospheric BC concentrations and AOT are primarily driven by changes in fire emission fluxes and large-scale circulation patterns. In summary, this PhD thesis for the first time assesses the importance of the wildfire emission height representation in an ESM for present and future climate conditions. Although emission heights are of limited importance globally, they may be key parameters for aspects such as regional aerosol-cloud interaction. The new implementations, which link global vegetation-fire and atmospheric aerosol modeling, provide a novel framework to investigate these regional aerosol-climate interactions in future high-resolution ESMs.

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