A Taxonomic Revision of Proctoporus Bolivianus Werner (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) With the Description of Three New Species and Resurrection of Proctoporus lacertus Stejneger

ABSTRACT The genus Proctoporus comprises seven montane species distributed across the Central Andes of Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. Within this genus, the extensive morphological variation observed in populations traditionally assigned to Proctoporus bolivianus suggested the presence of additional species. Using a combination of morphological character differences and a phylogenetic hypothesis based on mitochondrial (12S, 16S, and ND4) and nuclear (c-mos) DNA sequences, we find P. bolivianus to be composed of six distinct lineages. Among these, we name and describe herein Proctoporus carabaya, P. iridescens, and P. kiziriani and we resurrect the name Proctoporus lacertus. The remaining two lineages are also considered unnamed species and are referred herein as confirmed candidate species (CCS), which we refrain from naming due to lack of appropriate material. The new species named herein are found in the departments of Cusco and Puno, Peru, and are distinguishable from all other species of Proctoporus by unique combinations of morphometric, pholidosis, and color-pattern characteristics. A neotype of P. bolivianus is designated.

[1]  Alec R. Lindsay,et al.  OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN , 2013 .

[2]  J. Padial,et al.  Molecular phylogenetics, species diversity, and biogeography of the Andean lizards of the genus Proctoporus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae). , 2012, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.

[3]  Karen Siu-Ting,et al.  Two new species of Andean gymnophthalmid lizards of the genus Euspondylus (Reptilia, Squamata) from central and southern Peru , 2011, ZooKeys.

[4]  Aurélien Miralles,et al.  The integrative future of taxonomy , 2010, Frontiers in Zoology.

[5]  Tiffany M. Doan.  Dietary Variation within the Andean Lizard Clade Proctoporus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) , 2008 .

[6]  T. Castoe,et al.  PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENUS PROCTOPORUS SENSU STRICTO (SQUAMATA: GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE), WITH A NEW SPECIES FROM PUNO, SOUTHEASTERN PERU , 2005 .

[7]  T. Castoe,et al.  Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus , 2005 .

[8]  G. Köhler,et al.  COMMENTS ON EUSPONDYLUS AND PROCTOPORUS (SQUAMATA: GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE) FROM PERU, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES AND A KEY TO THE PERUVIAN SPECIES , 2004 .

[9]  T. Castoe,et al.  Data partitions and complex models in Bayesian analysis: the phylogeny of Gymnophthalmid lizards. , 2004, Systematic biology.

[10]  T. Castoe,et al.  USING MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR EVIDENCE TO INFER SPECIES BOUNDARIES WITHIN PROCTOPORUS BOLIVIANUS WERNER (SQUAMATA: GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE) , 2003 .

[11]  Tiffany M. Doan,et al.  BRIDGING THE GAP IN PROCTOPORUS DISTRIBUTION: A NEW SPECIES (SQUAMATA: GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE) FROM THE ANDES OF VENEZUELA , 2003 .

[12]  L. Dirksen,et al.  Los saurios y anfisbénidos de Bolivia (Reptilia, Squamata): lista patrón, localidades y bibliografía , 1999 .

[13]  J. G. Abascal,et al.  THE LIZARDS AND AMPHISBAENIANS OF BOLIVIA (REPTILIA, SQUAMATA): CHECKLIST, LOCALITIES, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY , 1999 .

[14]  D. Kizirian.  A Review of Ecuadorian Proctoporus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with Descriptions of Nine New Species , 1996 .

[15]  T. Uzzell.  Teiid lizards of the genus Proctoporus from Bolivia and Peru , 1970 .

[16]  T. Uzzell.  Teiid lizards related to Proctoporus luctuosus, with the description of a new species from Venezuela , 1959 .

[17]  C. Burt,et al.  South American lizards in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 61, article 7. , 1931 .

[18]  G. K. Noble,et al.  Amphibians and reptiles from southern Peru collected by the Peruvian expedition of 1914-1915 under the auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society , 1921 .

[19]  L. Andersson.  A new Telmatobius and new teiid lizards from South America , 2022 .

[20]  A. N. Caudell.  Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition fo 1911 , 1913 .

[21]  L. Stejneger.  Results of the Yale Peruvian expedition of 1911. Batrachians and reptiles , 2022 .

[22]  F. Werner.  Über neue oder seltene Reptilien des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg. II. Eidechsen , 1910 .