Label-free electrical detection of DNA hybridization using carbon nanotubes and graphene

The interface between biosystems and nanomaterials is emerging for detection of various biomolecules and subtle cellular activities. In particular, the development of costeffective and sequence-selective DNA detection is urgent for the diagnosis of genetic or pathogenic diseases. Graphenebased nanocarbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes and thin graphene layers, have been employed as biosensors because they are biocompatible, extraordinarily sensitive, and promising for large-area detection. Electrical and labelfree detection of DNA can be achieved by monitoring the conductance change of devices fabricated from these carbon materials. Here, the recent advances in this research area are briefly reviewed. The key issues and perspectives of future development are also discussed. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; graphene; DNA hybridization; biosensors; label-free detection; transistors (Published: 31 August 2010) Citation: Nano Reviews 2010, 1: 5354 - DOI: 10.3402/nano.v1i0.5354

[1]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Towards Genoelectronics: Electrochemical Biosensing of DNA Hybridization , 1999 .

[2]  Joseph Wang.  Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors , 2002 .

[3]  R. Car,et al.  Single Sheet Functionalized Graphene by Oxidation and Thermal Expansion of Graphite , 2007 .

[4]  Cees Dekker,et al.  Identifying the mechanism of biosensing with carbon nanotube transistors. , 2008, Nano letters.

[5]  Peng Chen,et al.  Label-Free Electronic Detection of DNA Using Simple Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Resistors , 2008 .

[6]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Molecular doping of graphene. , 2007, Nano letters.

[7]  Klaus Kern,et al.  Electronic transport properties of individual chemically reduced graphene oxide sheets. , 2007, Nano letters.

[8]  Kong,et al.  Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors , 2000, Science.

[9]  Klaus Kern,et al.  Atomic structure of reduced graphene oxide. , 2010, Nano letters.

[10]  A. Noy,et al.  Controlled electrostatic gating of carbon nanotube FET devices. , 2006, Nano letters.

[11]  Inhwa Jung,et al.  Tunable electrical conductivity of individual graphene oxide sheets reduced at "low" temperatures. , 2008, Nano letters.

[12]  E. Pişkin,et al.  A new approach for immobilization of oligonucleotides onto piezoelectric quartz crystal for preparation of a nucleic acid sensor for following hybridization. , 2003, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[13]  A. Libchaber,et al.  Single-mismatch detection using gold-quenched fluorescent oligonucleotides , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[14]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. , 2006, Nature materials.

[15]  Kazuhiko Matsumoto,et al.  Protein Sensor Using Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor , 2005 .

[16]  Y. Okahata,et al.  Kinetic measurements of DNA hybridization on an oligonucleotide-immobilized 27-MHz quartz crystal microbalance. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[17]  Julio Gómez-Herrero,et al.  Chemical Vapor Deposition Repair of Graphene Oxide: A Route to Highly‐Conductive Graphene Monolayers , 2009 .

[18]  G. Briggs,et al.  Diameter-selective encapsulation of metallocenes in single-walled carbon nanotubes , 2005, Nature materials.

[19]  E. Tu,et al.  Label-free detection of DNA hybridization using carbon nanotube network field-effect transistors. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  D. Yeung,et al.  Real-time detection and quantification of DNA hybridization by an optical biosensor. , 1995, Analytical chemistry.

[21]  Huang-Hao Yang,et al.  A graphene platform for sensing biomolecules. , 2009, Angewandte Chemie.

[22]  H. Dai,et al.  N-Doping of Graphene Through Electrothermal Reactions with Ammonia , 2009, Science.

[23]  Marc Tornow,et al.  Organophosphonate-based PNA-functionalization of silicon nanowires for label-free DNA detection. , 2008, ACS nano.

[24]  R. Georgiadis,et al.  The effect of surface probe density on DNA hybridization. , 2001, Nucleic acids research.

[25]  Lain-Jong Li,et al.  Doping single-layer graphene with aromatic molecules. , 2009, Small.

[26]  M. T. Martínez,et al.  Label-free DNA biosensors based on functionalized carbon nanotube field effect transistors. , 2009, Nano letters.

[27]  G. Grüner,et al.  Charge Transfer from Adsorbed Proteins , 2004 .

[28]  Zhiqiang Gao,et al.  Silicon nanowire arrays for label-free detection of DNA. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[29]  J. Rogers,et al.  Electrical Detection of Femtomolar DNA via Gold‐Nanoparticle Enhancement in Carbon‐Nanotube‐Network Field‐Effect Transistors , 2008 .

[30]  J. Köhler,et al.  Chip-based optical detection of DNA hybridization by means of nanobead labeling. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[31]  E. S. Snow,et al.  Chemical Detection with a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Capacitor , 2005, Science.

[32]  Kazuhiko Matsumoto,et al.  Application of carbon nanotubes for detecting anti-hemagglutinins based on antigen-antibody interaction. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[33]  Kenzo Maehashi,et al.  Label-free protein biosensor based on aptamer-modified carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[34]  M. Fuhrer,et al.  A Versatile Biomolecular Charge-Based Sensor Using Oxide-Gated Carbon Nanotube Transistor Arrays , 2008, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[35]  J Wang,et al.  DNA electrochemical biosensor for the detection of short DNA sequences related to the human immunodeficiency virus. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[36]  Yang Yang,et al.  High-throughput solution processing of large-scale graphene. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[37]  A. Govindaraj,et al.  Binding of DNA nucleobases and nucleosides with graphene. , 2009, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[38]  Ying Xu,et al.  A Review: Electrochemical DNA Biosensors for Sequence Recognition , 2005 .

[39]  Ophir Vermesh,et al.  Hysteresis caused by water molecules in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors , 2003 .

[40]  N. Mohanty,et al.  Graphene-based single-bacterium resolution biodevice and DNA transistor: interfacing graphene derivatives with nanoscale and microscale biocomponents. , 2008, Nano letters.

[41]  J. Riu,et al.  Detection of Human Immunoglobulin G at Physiological Conditions with Chemically Functionalizated Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors , 2008 .

[42]  H. Kondo,et al.  DNA sensing on a DNA probe-modified electrode using ferrocenylnaphthalene diimide as the electrochemically active ligand. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[43]  Chung-Yuen Hui,et al.  Peeling single-stranded DNA from graphite surface to determine oligonucleotide binding energy by force spectroscopy. , 2008, Nano letters.

[44]  John A. Rogers,et al.  Electrical detection of hybridization and threading intercalation of deoxyribonucleic acid using carbon nanotube network field-effect transistors , 2006 .

[45]  N Balasubramanian,et al.  DNA sensing by silicon nanowire: charge layer distance dependence. , 2008, Nano letters.

[46]  Sang Jun Sim,et al.  Ultrasensitive carbon nanotube-based biosensors using antibody-binding fragments. , 2008, Analytical biochemistry.

[47]  F. Bechstedt,et al.  Attracted by long-range electron correlation: adenine on graphite. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[48]  D. Caron,et al.  Rapid and Label-Free Cell Detection by Metal-Cluster-Decorated Carbon Nanotube Biosensors , 2008, 2008 Device Research Conference.

[49]  Peng Chen,et al.  Effective doping of single-layer graphene from underlying SiO2 substrates , 2009 .

[50]  Alexander Star,et al.  Electronic Detection of Specific Protein Binding Using Nanotube FET Devices , 2003 .

[51]  R. Corn,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements of DNA and RNA hybridization adsorption onto DNA microarrays. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[52]  Kwang S. Kim,et al.  Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes , 2009, Nature.

[53]  Peng Chen,et al.  Electrical Detection of DNA Hybridization with Single‐Base Specificity Using Transistors Based on CVD‐Grown Graphene Sheets , 2010, Advanced materials.

[54]  J. Justin Gooding,et al.  Electrochemical DNA Hybridization Biosensors , 2002 .

[55]  Hsueh-Chia Chang,et al.  Shear and AC Field Enhanced Carbon Nanotube Impedance Assay for Rapid, Sensitive, and Mismatch-Discriminating DNA Hybridization. , 2009, ACS nano.

[56]  M. Meyyappan,et al.  Carbon Nanotube Nanoelectrode Array for Ultrasensitive DNA Detection , 2003 .

[57]  Charles M. Lieber,et al.  Direct ultrasensitive electrical detection of DNA and DNA sequence variations using nanowire nanosensors , 2004 .

[58]  Raj Mutharasan,et al.  PEMC-based method of measuring DNA hybridization at femtomolar concentration directly in human serum and in the presence of copious noncomplementary strands. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[59]  Bei Wang,et al.  FACILE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE NANOSHEETS , 2008 .

[60]  Jun Wei,et al.  Illumination-Enhanced Hysteresis of Transistors Based on Carbon Nanotube Networks , 2009 .

[61]  Jinhee Kim,et al.  Origin of gate hysteresis in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors , 2007 .

[62]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide , 2007 .

[63]  D. Walt,et al.  A fiber-optic DNA biosensor microarray for the analysis of gene expression , 1996, Nature Biotechnology.

[64]  E. Tamiya,et al.  Aptamer‐Based Label‐Free Immunosensors Using Carbon Nanotube Field‐Effect Transistors , 2009 .

[65]  S. Xiao,et al.  Intrinsic and extrinsic performance limits of graphene devices on SiO2. , 2007, Nature nanotechnology.

[66]  Pooi See Lee,et al.  DNA sensing by field-effect transistors based on networks of carbon nanotubes. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[67]  R. Ahuja,et al.  Physisorption of nucleobases on graphene : Density-functional calculations , 2007, 0704.1316.

[68]  N Balasubramanian,et al.  Highly sensitive measurements of PNA-DNA hybridization using oxide-etched silicon nanowire biosensors. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[69]  M. Shim,et al.  Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for highly specific electronic biosensors , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[70]  Kang L. Wang,et al.  A chemical route to graphene for device applications. , 2007, Nano letters.

[71]  T. Thundat,et al.  Cantilever-based optical deflection assay for discrimination of DNA single-nucleotide mismatches. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[72]  G. Wallace,et al.  Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[73]  Roberto Car,et al.  Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[74]  N. Park,et al.  Ab initio study of the effect of water adsorption on the carbon nanotube field-effect transistor , 2006 .

[75]  S. Grimme,et al.  Structures and interaction energies of stacked graphene-nucleobase complexes. , 2008, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[76]  M. Mascini,et al.  Improved procedures for immobilisation of oligonucleotides on gold-coated piezoelectric quartz crystals. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[77]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[78]  Yongrae Roh,et al.  Development of an SH-SAW sensor for the detection of DNA hybridization , 2005 .

[79]  Hee Cheul Choi,et al.  Network single-walled carbon nanotube-field effect transistors (SWNT-FETs) with increased Schottky contact area for highly sensitive biosensor applications. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[80]  N. Kybert,et al.  Intrinsic response of graphene vapor sensors. , 2008, Nano letters.

[81]  Kenzo Maehashi,et al.  Ultrasensitive Detection of DNA Hybridization Using Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors , 2004 .

[82]  Elizabeth M. Boon,et al.  Single-base mismatch detection based on charge transduction through DNA. , 1999, Nucleic acids research.

[83]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils , 2009, Science.

[84]  P. Kamat,et al.  TiO2-graphene nanocomposites. UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide. , 2008, ACS nano.

[85]  Denis Boudreau,et al.  Direct molecular detection of nucleic acids by fluorescence signal amplification. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[86]  Chao Li,et al.  Complementary detection of prostate-specific antigen using In2O3 nanowires and carbon nanotubes. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[87]  Chunhai Fan,et al.  A Graphene Nanoprobe for Rapid, Sensitive, and Multicolor Fluorescent DNA Analysis , 2010 .

[88]  Lain‐Jong Li,et al.  Bandgap-selective chemical doping of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes , 2004 .

[89]  Chunhai Fan,et al.  Electrochemical interrogation of conformational changes as a reagentless method for the sequence-specific detection of DNA , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[90]  Rui Zhang,et al.  Real-Time, Label-Free Detection of Biological Entities Using Nanowire-Based FETs , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

[91]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[92]  James M Tour,et al.  Diazonium functionalization of surfactant-wrapped chemically converted graphene sheets. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[93]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Metal nanoparticle-based electrochemical stripping potentiometric detection of DNA hybridization. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[94]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Graphene-based composite materials , 2006, Nature.

[95]  A. Steel,et al.  Electrochemical quantitation of DNA immobilized on gold. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[96]  W. Tan,et al.  A fiber-optic evanescent wave DNA biosensor based on novel molecular beacons. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[97]  A. Reina,et al.  Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. , 2009, Nano letters.

[98]  Ulrich J. Krull,et al.  Fiber optic biosensor for fluorimetric detection of DNA hybridization , 1994 .

[99]  Zettl,et al.  Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes , 2000, Science.

[100]  Y. Chang,et al.  Carbon nanotube DNA sensor and sensing mechanism. , 2006, Nano letters.

[101]  Sara Tombelli,et al.  A DNA piezoelectric biosensor assay coupled with a polymerase chain reaction for bacterial toxicity determination in environmental samples , 2000 .

[102]  Qian Wang,et al.  An investigation of the mechanisms of electronic sensing of protein adsorption on carbon nanotube devices. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.