The Football ‘Hotspot’ Matrix

Reflecting the concerns of much orthodox criminology, research on football-related crime and disorder has so far focused mainly on iden- tifying underlying causes of the dispositionsshown by some supporters to behave in criminal and antisocial ways: for example, what biological (Buford, 1991), developmental (Marsh, 1978), social (Armstrong, 1998; Dunning et al., 1988; Robson, 2000) or political (Taylor, 1971; Clarke, 1978) conditions lead individuals and groups to become ‘hooligans’?

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