Measurement of oxygen saturation in the retina with a spectroscopic sensitive multi aperture camera.

We introduce a new multi aperture system capable of capturing six identical images of the human fundus at six different spectral bands. The system is based on a lenslet array architecture and is well suited for spectroscopy application. The multi-aperture system was interfaced with a fundus camera to acquire spectroscopic sensitive images of the retina vessel and ultimately to calculate oxygen saturation in the retina in vivo. In vitro testing showed that the system is able to accurately reconstruct curves of partially oxygenated hemoglobin. In vivo testing on healthy volunteers was conducted and yielded results of oxygen saturation similar to the one reported in the literature, with arterial SO(2) approximately 0.95 and venous SO(2) approximately 0.5.

[1]  Setsuo Takatani,et al.  Theoretical Analysis of Diffuse Reflectance from a Two-Layer Tissue Model , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[2]  Georgios N Stamatas,et al.  Blood stasis contributions to the perception of skin pigmentation. , 2004, Journal of biomedical optics.

[3]  J. C. Ross,et al.  A Study of Retinal Venous Blood Oxygen Saturation in Human Subjects by Photographic Means , 1963, Circulation.

[4]  W. Shoemaker,et al.  Unreliability of blood pressure and heart rate to evaluate cardiac output in emergency resuscitation and critical illness , 1993, Critical care medicine.

[5]  Matthew H. Smith,et al.  Instrument for the measurement of retinal vessel oxygen saturation , 1999, Photonics West - Biomedical Optics.

[6]  Quan Dong Nguyen,et al.  Supplemental oxygen improves diabetic macular edema: a pilot study. , 2004, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[7]  C E Hughes,et al.  Retinal large vessel oxygen saturations correlate with early blood loss and hypoxia in anesthetized swine. , 1997, The Journal of trauma.

[8]  Larry Kagemann,et al.  A review of methods for human retinal oximetry. , 2003, Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging : the official journal of the International Society for Imaging in the Eye.

[9]  M. H. Smith,et al.  Oxygen Saturation Measurements of Blood in Retinal Vessels during Blood Loss. , 1998, Journal of biomedical optics.

[10]  M. H. Smith,et al.  Optimum wavelength combinations for retinal vessel oximetry. , 1999, Applied optics.

[11]  N. D. Wangsa-Wirawan,et al.  Retinal Oxygen Fundamental and Clinical Aspects , 2003 .

[12]  F. Delori.  Noninvasive technique for oximetry of blood in retinal vessels. , 1988, Applied optics.

[13]  E Claridge,et al.  Monte Carlo modelling of the spectral reflectance of the human eye. , 2002, Physics in medicine and biology.

[14]  Art Lompado,et al.  Retinal venous oxygen saturation and cardiac output during controlled hemorrhage and resuscitation. , 2003, Journal of applied physiology.

[15]  A Roggan,et al.  Optical properties of ocular fundus tissues--an in vitro study using the double-integrating-sphere technique and inverse Monte Carlo simulation. , 1995, Physics in medicine and biology.

[16]  John A. Nelder,et al.  A Simplex Method for Function Minimization , 1965, Comput. J..

[17]  Daniel W. Wilson,et al.  Snapshot hyperspectral imaging in ophthalmology. , 2007, Journal of biomedical optics.

[18]  E M Kohner,et al.  Role of Blood Flow and Impaired Autoregulation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy , 1995, Diabetes.

[19]  T. Sarna,et al.  The Physical Properties of Melanins , 2007 .

[20]  Arthur Lompado.  A confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope for retinal vessel oximetry , 1999 .