Social support network factors associated with verbal fluency among vulnerable persons living with HIV.

ABSTRACTVulnerable persons living with HIV (PLWH) are at high risk of cognitive impairment and challenges accessing quality social support in later life. Impaired verbal fluency (VF), a cognitive domain linked to HIV, could impede social support associated with health and well-being for already vulnerable PLWH. We examined the structure of social support, using latent class analysis, and the associations among quantity, specific forms and quality of social support and VF among PLWH. Participants enrolled in the BEACON study (n = 383) completed the Controlled Oral Word Association test (COWAT) and a social support network inventory. Latent class analysis with count variables was used to determine the number of classes of PLWH based on their social network characteristics. The majority of PLWH were male (61.4%) and African American (85.9%). Two distinct latent classes, with a major distinction in the number of network members who were female, knew participants' HIV status and HIV medication usage. Fewer support network members (β = -.13, p < 0.01), greater negative interactions (β = -.16, p < 0.01), and less positive interactions with network members (β = .15, p < 0.05) were significantly associated with lower COWAT scores. Comprehensive screening of high-risk PLWH and early intervention with those with cognitive impairment are important for addressing social support needs.

[1]  V. Valcour,et al.  Psychosocial Resources and Emotions in Women Living With HIV Who Have Cognitive Impairment: Applying the Socio-Emotional Adaptation Theory , 2020, Research and Theory for Nursing Practice.

[2]  B. Hill,et al.  Executive, language, or both? An examination of the construct validity of verbal fluency measures , 2019, Applied neuropsychology. Adult.

[3]  F. S. Orlandi,et al.  Relationship between cognitive processing, language and verbal fluency among elderly individuals , 2019, Dementia & neuropsychologia.

[4]  Kia-Chong Chua,et al.  Multimorbidity and care dependence in older adults: a longitudinal analysis of findings from the 10/66 study , 2019, BMC Public Health.

[5]  L. Rubin,et al.  HIV, Depression, and Cognitive Impairment in the Era of Effective Antiretroviral Therapy , 2019, Current HIV/AIDS Reports.

[6]  A. Y. Choi,et al.  Ten Frequently Asked Questions About Latent Class Analysis , 2018, Translational Issues in Psychological Science.

[7]  E. Fisher,et al.  Validity of Social Support Scales Utilized Among HIV-Infected and HIV-Affected Populations: A Systematic Review , 2018, AIDS and Behavior.

[8]  B. Uchino.  Social Support and Physical Health , 2017 .

[9]  S. Farhadian,et al.  Neurological Complications of HIV Infection , 2017, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[10]  Sheung-Tak Cheng.  Dementia Caregiver Burden: a Research Update and Critical Analysis , 2017, Current Psychiatry Reports.

[11]  A. Knowlton,et al.  Psychosocial and Service Use Correlates of Health-Related Quality of Life Among a Vulnerable Population Living with HIV/AIDS , 2017, AIDS and Behavior.

[12]  C. Fekete,et al.  Social relationships, mental health and wellbeing in physical disability: a systematic review , 2017, BMC Public Health.

[13]  J. Denison,et al.  Caregivers’ Support Network Characteristics Associated with Viral Suppression among HIV Care Recipients , 2017, AIDS and Behavior.

[14]  S. Leurgans,et al.  Loneliness in Older Black Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Is Associated with Poorer Cognition , 2017, Gerontology.

[15]  Barry Rosenfeld,et al.  Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Latent Variable Interactions With Incomplete Indicators , 2017, Multivariate behavioral research.

[16]  H. Verbeek,et al.  Social health and dementia: a European consensus on the operationalization of the concept and directions for research and practice , 2017, Aging & mental health.

[17]  Chantal D. Larose,et al.  Latent Class Analysis of Incomplete Data via an Entropy-Based Criterion. , 2016, Statistical methodology.

[18]  Marko Dragojevic,et al.  I Don't Like You Because You're Hard to Understand: The Role of Processing Fluency in the Language Attitudes Process , 2016 .

[19]  William Dale,et al.  Social Function and Cognitive Status: Results from a US Nationally Representative Survey of Older Adults , 2016, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[20]  A. Knowlton,et al.  The role of chronic pain and current substance use in predicting negative social support among disadvantaged persons living with HIV/AIDS , 2016, AIDS care.

[21]  David J. Volsky,et al.  HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder — pathogenesis and prospects for treatment , 2016, Nature Reviews Neurology.

[22]  Paul E. Gilbert,et al.  Does Older Age Confer an Increased Risk of Incident Neurocognitive Disorders Among Persons Living with HIV Disease? , 2015, The Clinical neuropsychologist.

[23]  A. Knowlton,et al.  Informal Caregiver Characteristics Associated with Viral Load Suppression Among Current or Former Injection Drug Users Living with HIV/AIDS , 2015, AIDS and Behavior.

[24]  Mary M. Mitchell,et al.  Perceived Mental Health Status of Drug Users with HIV: Concordance Between Caregivers and Care Recipient Reports and Associations with Caregiving Burden and Reciprocity , 2014, AIDS and Behavior.

[25]  S. Rourke,et al.  Impact of social support on cognitive symptom burden in HIV/AIDS , 2010, AIDS care.

[26]  Emily Calhoun,et al.  The reliability and validity of qualitative scores for the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. , 2007, Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.

[27]  Claudia Rodríguez-Aranda,et al.  Age-Related Differences in Performance of Phonemic Verbal Fluency Measured by Controlled Oral Word Association Task (COWAT): A Meta-Analytic Study , 2006, Developmental neuropsychology.

[28]  C. Latkin,et al.  Social support networks and medical service use among HIV-positive injection drug users: implications to intervention , 2005, AIDS care.

[29]  J. Henry,et al.  A Meta-Analytic Review of Verbal Fluency Deficits in Depression , 2005, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[30]  J. Henry,et al.  A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in schizophrenia relative to other neurocognitive deficits , 2005, Cognitive neuropsychiatry.

[31]  J. Henry,et al.  A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency performance in patients with traumatic brain injury. , 2004, Neuropsychology.

[32]  J. Henry,et al.  A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency performance following focal cortical lesions. , 2004, Neuropsychology.

[33]  Masami Nishishiba,et al.  The relative importance of three domains of positive and negative social exchanges: a longitudinal model with comparable measures. , 2003, Psychology and aging.

[34]  D. Delis,et al.  Cognitive and neuropathologic correlates of Stroop Color-Word Test performance in Alzheimer's disease. , 2002, Neuropsychology.

[35]  D. Rubin,et al.  Testing the number of components in a normal mixture , 2001 .

[36]  Benjamin H. Gottlieb,et al.  Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. , 2000 .

[37]  B L Miller,et al.  Factor analysis of four measures of prefrontal lobe functioning. , 1998, Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.

[38]  D. Bub,et al.  Semantic memory loss in dementia of Alzheimer's type. What do various measures measure? , 1990, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[39]  W. Rosen,et al.  Verbal fluency in aging and dementia , 1980 .

[40]  G. Lockhead,et al.  The free recall of category examples. , 1980 .

[41]  G. Winocur,et al.  Clustering and switching as two components of verbal fluency: evidence from younger and older healthy adults. , 1997, Neuropsychology.