The organizational–activational hypothesis as the foundation for a unified theory of sexual differentiation of all mammalian tissues

[1]  R. Nelson,et al.  Hormones and Behavior , 2021, Nature.

[2]  A. Arnold,et al.  Mouse Models for Evaluating Sex Chromosome Effects that Cause Sex Differences in Non‐Gonadal Tissues , 2009, Journal of neuroendocrinology.

[3]  Eric E Schadt,et al.  Elucidating the role of gonadal hormones in sexually dimorphic gene coexpression networks. , 2009, Endocrinology.

[4]  A. Arnold,et al.  X chromosome number causes sex differences in gene expression in adult mouse striatum , 2009, The European journal of neuroscience.

[5]  A. Arnold,et al.  What does the “four core genotypes” mouse model tell us about sex differences in the brain and other tissues? , 2009, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology.

[6]  P. Grant,et al.  Sex differences in histone modifications in the neonatal mouse brain , 2009, Epigenetics.

[7]  M. McCarthy,et al.  The role of neonatal NMDA receptor activation in defeminization and masculinization of sex behavior in the rat , 2008, Hormones and Behavior.

[8]  A. Arnold,et al.  Sex chromosome complement affects nociception and analgesia in newborn mice. , 2008, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[9]  N. Maidment,et al.  Forebrain steroid levels fluctuate rapidly during social interactions , 2008, Nature Neuroscience.

[10]  E. Rissman,et al.  Sex chromosome complement affects social interactions in mice , 2008, Hormones and Behavior.

[11]  L. Doncarlos,et al.  Pubertal hormones modulate the addition of new cells to sexually dimorphic brain regions , 2008, Nature Neuroscience.

[12]  S. Tobet,et al.  Aggressive behaviors in adult SF-1 knockout mice that are not exposed to gonadal steroids during development. , 2008, Behavioral neuroscience.

[13]  S. Tobet,et al.  Sex differences in brain developing in the presence or absence of gonads , 2008, Developmental neurobiology.

[14]  A. Arnold,et al.  A role for sex chromosome complement in the female bias in autoimmune disease , 2008, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[15]  N. Shah,et al.  A genetic approach to dissect sexually dimorphic behaviors , 2008, Hormones and Behavior.

[16]  L. Galea,et al.  Gonadal hormone modulation of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult male and female rodents , 2008, Brain Research Reviews.

[17]  M. McCarthy,et al.  Impact of sex and hormones on new cells in the developing rat hippocampus: a novel source of sex dimorphism? , 2008, The European journal of neuroscience.

[18]  A. Arnold,et al.  Sex difference in neural tube defects in p53‐null mice is caused by differences in the complement of X not Y genes , 2008, Developmental neurobiology.

[19]  C. Bishop,et al.  Aggressive and Mating Behaviors in Two Types of Sex Reversed Mice: XY Females and XX Males , 2008, Archives of sexual behavior.

[20]  Christopher J. Evans,et al.  Sex chromosome complement affects nociception in tests of acute and chronic exposure to morphine in mice , 2008, Hormones and Behavior.

[21]  J. Sanes,et al.  Overexpression of wild-type androgen receptor in muscle recapitulates polyglutamine disease , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[22]  L. Arendt-Nielsen,et al.  Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: A consensus report , 2007, PAIN.

[23]  A. Arnold,et al.  Sex chromosome complement regulates habit formation , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[24]  C. Woolley.  Acute effects of estrogen on neuronal physiology. , 2007, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[25]  K. Korach,et al.  Definition of Estrogen Receptor Pathway Critical for Estrogen Positive Feedback to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons and Fertility , 2006, Neuron.

[26]  N. Forger.  Cell death and sexual differentiation of the nervous system , 2006, Neuroscience.

[27]  A. Arnold,et al.  Sex Chromosome Complement and Gonadal Sex Influence Aggressive and Parental Behaviors in Mice , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[28]  J. Gustafsson,et al.  Sex and the Liver – A Journey Through Five Decades , 2006, Drug metabolism reviews.

[29]  C. Sisk,et al.  Pubertal hormones organize the adolescent brain and behavior , 2005, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology.

[30]  M. McCarthy,et al.  When is a sex difference not a sex difference? , 2005, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology.

[31]  A. Arnold,et al.  Strategies and methods for research on sex differences in brain and behavior. , 2005, Endocrinology.

[32]  D. Pfaff,et al.  Genetic Influences on Aggressive Behaviors and Arousability in Animals , 2004, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[33]  A. Aloisi,et al.  Sex differences in pain and analgesia: the role of gonadal hormones , 2004, European journal of pain.

[34]  A. Arnold,et al.  Sex chromosomes and brain gender , 2004, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[35]  A. Arnold,et al.  Neonatal mice possessing an Sry transgene show a masculinized pattern of progesterone receptor expression in the brain independent of sex chromosome status. , 2004, Endocrinology.

[36]  G. J. Vries,et al.  Minireview: Sex differences in adult and developing brains: compensation, compensation, compensation. , 2004 .

[37]  A. Arnold,et al.  Are XX and XY brain cells intrinsically different? , 2004, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.

[38]  S. Horvath,et al.  Sexually dimorphic gene expression in mouse brain precedes gonadal differentiation. , 2003, Brain research. Molecular brain research.

[39]  A. Arnold,et al.  Sex differences in mouse cortical thickness are independent of the complement of sex chromosomes , 2003, Neuroscience.

[40]  Robin Lovell-Badge,et al.  A Model System for Study of Sex Chromosome Effects on Sexually Dimorphic Neural and Behavioral Traits , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[41]  T. Shors,et al.  Testosterone in utero and at birth dictates how stressful experience will affect learning in adulthood , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  Laura L. Carruth,et al.  Sex chromosome genes directly affect brain sexual differentiation , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[43]  C. Whitacre.  Sex differences in autoimmune disease , 2001, Nature Immunology.

[44]  Sarah E. London,et al.  Neurosteroids and brain sexual differentiation , 2001, Trends in Neurosciences.

[45]  R. Voskuhl,et al.  Sex Hormones in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis , 2001, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[46]  A. Matsumoto,et al.  Sexual Differentiation of Neuronal Circuitry in the Hypothalamus , 1999 .

[47]  A. Matsumoto.  Sexual Differentiation of the Brain , 1999 .

[48]  T. Foster,et al.  Sex with knockout models: behavioral studies of estrogen receptor α 1 Published on the World Wide Web on 26 April 1999. 1 , 1999, Brain Research.

[49]  S. M. Breedlove,et al.  Sexual Differentiation of the Vertebrate Brain: Principles and Mechanisms , 1998, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology.

[50]  A. Arnold,et al.  Sexual differentiation of the zebra finch song system: positive evidence, negative evidence, null hypotheses, and a paradigm shift. , 1997, Journal of neurobiology.

[51]  A. Arnold.  Genetically Triggered Sexual Differentiation of Brain and Behavior , 1996, Hormones and Behavior.

[52]  A. Arnold,et al.  Functional testicular tissue does not masculinize development of the zebra finch song system. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  C. Bishop,et al.  The genetic basis of XX-XY differences present before gonadal sex differentiation in the mouse. , 1995, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[54]  K. Korach.  Insights from the study of animals lacking functional estrogen receptor. , 1994, Science.

[55]  R. Handa,et al.  Gonadal Steroid Hormone Receptors and Sex Differences in the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis , 1994, Hormones and Behavior.

[56]  A. Arnold,et al.  Sexual differentiation of brain and behavior: the zebra finch is not just a flying rat. , 1993, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[57]  J. Mogil,et al.  Sex differences in the antagonism of swim stress-induced analgesia: effects of gonadectomy and estrogen replacement , 1993, Pain.

[58]  A. Arnold,et al.  Hormonal regulation of motor unit size and synaptic strength during synapse elimination in the rat levator ani muscle , 1992, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[59]  J. Juraska.  Sex differences in “cognitive” regions of the rat brain , 1991, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[60]  I. Reisert,et al.  Sexual differentiation of monoaminergic neurons - genetic or epigenetic? , 1991, Trends in Neurosciences.

[61]  C. Beyer,et al.  Dopamine content and metabolism in mesencephalic and diencephalic cell cultures: sex differences and effects of sex steroids , 1991, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[62]  M. Renfree,et al.  Sex determination in marsupials: evidence for a marsupial-eutherian dichotomy. , 1988, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[63]  P. Micevych,et al.  Androgen regulates synaptic input to motoneurons of the adult rat spinal cord , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[64]  G. Shaw,et al.  Primary genetic control of somatic sexual differentiation in a mammal , 1988, Nature.

[65]  D. Sengelaub,et al.  Androgens regulate the dendritic length of mammalian motoneurons in adulthood. , 1986, Science.

[66]  A. Arnold,et al.  Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids on brain and behavior: A reanalysis , 1985, Hormones and Behavior.

[67]  E. Nordeen,et al.  Androgens prevent normally occurring cell death in a sexually dimorphic spinal nucleus. , 1985, Science.

[68]  L. Swanson,et al.  The distribution of monoaminergic cells and fibers in a periventricular preoptic nucleus involved in the control of gonadotropin release: Immunohistochemical evidence for a dopaminergic sexual dimorphism , 1985, Brain Research.

[69]  F. Davis,et al.  Pre- and postnatal influence of testosterone propionate and diethylstilbestrol on differentiation of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in male and female rats , 1984, Brain Research.

[70]  A. Arnold,et al.  Neurogenesis of motoneurons in the sexually dimorphic spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus in rats. , 1983, Brain research.

[71]  A. Arnold,et al.  Hormonal control of a developing neuromuscular system. I. Complete Demasculinization of the male rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus using the anti-androgen flutamide , 1983, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[72]  A. Arnold,et al.  Hormonal control of a developing neuromuscular system. II. Sensitive periods for the androgen-induced masculinization of the rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus , 1983, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[73]  F. Nottebohm.  A brain for all seasons: cyclical anatomical changes in song control nuclei of the canary brain. , 1981, Science.

[74]  Dick F. Swaab,et al.  Ontogeny of the vasopressinergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and their extrahypothalamic projections in the rat brain—presence of a sex difference in the lateral septum , 1981, Brain Research.

[75]  P. Timiras,et al.  Hormones in Development and Aging , 1981 .

[76]  F. Naftolin,et al.  Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system. , 1981, Science.

[77]  A. Arnold,et al.  Hormone accumulation in a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus of the rat spinal cord. , 1980, Science.

[78]  K. L. Olsen,et al.  Androgen-insensitive rats are defeminised by their testes , 1979, Nature.

[79]  J. H. Gordon,et al.  Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain , 1978, Brain Research.

[80]  A. Arnold,et al.  Sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the songbird brain. , 1976, Science.

[81]  C. Toran-Allerand,et al.  Sex steroids and the development of the newborn mouse hypothalamus and preoptic areain vitro: implications for sexual differentiation , 1976, Brain Research.

[82]  G. Raisman,et al.  Sexual dimorphism in the neuropil of the preoptic area of the rat and its dependence on neonatal androgen. , 1973, Brain research.

[83]  Sex and Internal Secretions , 1962 .

[84]  W. C. Young,et al.  Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. , 1959, Endocrinology.

[85]  F. R. Lillie.  THE THEORY OF THE FREE-MARTIN. , 1916, Science.

[86]  Donald W. Pfaff,et al.  Hormones, brain, and behavior , 2009 .

[87]  Margaret M McCarthy,et al.  Estradiol and the developing brain. , 2008, Physiological reviews.

[88]  B. Migeon.  Females Are Mosaics: X Inactivation and Sex Differences in Disease , 2007 .

[89]  Carolyn J. Brown,et al.  Mechanisms of X-chromosome inactivation. , 2006, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[90]  G. J. de Vries.  Sex steroids and sex chromosomes at odds? , 2005, Endocrinology.

[91]  A. Arnold.  Concepts of Genetic and Hormonal Induction of Vertebrate Sexual Differentiation in the Twentieth Century, with Special Reference to the Brain , 2002 .

[92]  M. Schumacher,et al.  Neurosteroids: beginning of the story. , 2001, International review of neurobiology.

[93]  P N Goodfellow,et al.  SRY and sex determination in mammals. , 1993, Annual review of genetics.

[94]  A. Arnold,et al.  Gonadal steroid induction of structural sex differences in the central nervous system. , 1984, Annual review of neuroscience.

[95]  W. Beatty,et al.  Hormonal organization of sex differences in play fighting and spatial behavior. , 1984, Progress in brain research.

[96]  J. Weisz,et al.  Plasma testosterone and progesterone titers of pregnant rats, their male and female fetuses, and neonatal offspring. , 1980, Endocrinology.

[97]  J. Perchellet,et al.  Studies on sex differentiation in mammals. , 1973, Recent progress in hormone research.

[98]  Lester R. Aronson,et al.  The biopsychology of development , 1971 .

[99]  F. R. Lillie.  General biological introduction. , 1934 .

[100]  K. H. Albrecht,et al.  Supplemental Experimental Procedures cRNA Probe and Radioactive In Situ Hybridization , 2022 .