Classification of human placental villi

SummaryThe classification of human placental villi was reviewed on the basis of material prepared by means of special methods. The material from in situ normal-term placentae was biopsied by aspiration into glutaraldehyde. The classification was made on the basis of light-microscopic observations of semithin sections, reconstructions from serial sections, and scanning-electron micrographs. The peripheral villous tree is roughly divided into stem (ramuli), intermediate and terminal villi. The intermediate villi may be further subdivided as mature and immature types, which are found between the stem and terminal villi. Some of the terminal villi possess a local specialization described as the neck region. The histological characteristics and the branching pattern of each type are described, and the basis of the proposed classification is discussed.

[1]  M. Liebhart.  Ultrastructure of the stromal connective tissue of normal placenta and of placenta in diabetes mellitus of mother. , 1974, Pathologia Europaea.

[2]  W. J. Hamilton,et al.  The human placenta. , 1972, Nursing mirror and midwives journal.

[3]  N. Arts.  Investigations on the vascular system of the placenta. II. The maternal vascular system. , 1961, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[4]  J. Knopp.  Das Wachstum der Chorionzotten vom II. bis X. Monat , 2004, Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.

[5]  E. Weber,et al.  Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen , 1830 .

[6]  W. J. Hamilton,et al.  DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA FROM THE END OF THE 3RD MONTH OF GESTATION , 1967, The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth.

[7]  H. Fox.  Villous immaturity in the term placenta. , 1968, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[8]  J. L. Bremer.  The interrelations of the mesonephros, kidney and placenta in different classes of animals , 1916 .

[9]  H Fox,et al.  Pathology of the placenta. , 1986, Major problems in pathology.

[10]  W. J. Hamilton,et al.  The Human Placenta , 1970, Clinics in obstetrics and gynaecology.

[11]  E. Amstutz.  [Observations on the maturation of chroionic villi in the human placenta with special reference to epithelial plates]. , 1960, Acta Anatomica.

[12]  P. Kaufmann,et al.  Classification of human placental villi , 1979, Cell and Tissue Research.

[13]  H. Fox.  THE PATTERN OF VILLOUS VARIABILITY IN THE NORMAL PLACENTA , 1964, The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Commonwealth.

[14]  P. Kaufmann,et al.  Untersuchungen über die Langhanszellen in der menschlichen Placenta , 2004, Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie.

[15]  H. Munro,et al.  Quantitative studies of human placenta. I. Morphometry. , 1973, Biology of the neonate.

[16]  S. Spicer,et al.  Ultrastructural features of cellular maturation and aging in human trophoblast. , 1973, Journal of ultrastructure research.

[17]  P. Kaufmann,et al.  Zur Abgrenzung normaler, artefizieller und pathologischer Strukturen in reifen menschlichen Plazentazotten , 2004, Archiv für Gynäkologie.

[18]  T. Schiebler,et al.  Über das fetale Gefäßsystem der reifen menschlichen Placenta , 1973, Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie.

[19]  P. Kaufmann,et al.  The villous stroma of the human placenta , 1977, Cell and Tissue Research.

[20]  H. Schubert.  Über die Gliederung der reifen menschlichen Placenta , 1977, Archiv für Gynäkologie.

[21]  S. Getzowa,et al.  ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA WITH FULL‐TIME AND IMMATURE FOETUS, LIVING OR DEAD , 1950, The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Empire.

[22]  H. Fox,et al.  Syncytial knots and intervillous bridges in the human placenta: an ultrastructural study. , 1977, Journal of anatomy.

[23]  W. Aherne,et al.  MORPHOMETRY OF THE HUMAN PLACENT , 1966 .