High-rate nano-crystalline Li4Ti5O12 attached on carbon nano-fibers for hybrid supercapacitors

Abstract A lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12)-based electrode which can operate at unusually high current density (300 C) was developed as negative electrode for hybrid capacitors. The high-rate Li4Ti5O12 electrode has a unique nano-structure consisting of unusually small nano-crystalline Li4Ti5O12 (ca. 5–20 nm) grafted onto carbon nano-fiber anchors (nc-Li4Ti5O12/CNF). This nano-structured nc-Li4Ti5O12/CNF composite are prepared by simple sol–gel method under ultra-centrifugal force (65,000 N) followed by instantaneous annealing at 900 °C for 3 min. A model hybrid capacitor cell consisting of a negative nc-Li4Ti5O12/CNF composite electrode and a positive activated carbon electrode showed high energy density of 40 Wh L−1 and high power density of 7.5 kW L−1 comparable to conventional EDLCs.

[1]  Xiaogang Zhang,et al.  Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline Li4Ti5O12 by sol–gel method , 2003 .

[2]  Michael M. Thackeray,et al.  Structural Considerations of Layered and Spinel Lithiated Oxides for Lithium Ion Batteries , 1995 .

[3]  S. Takai.  Diffusion coefficient measurement of lithium ion in sintered Li1.33Ti1.67O4 by means of neutron radiography , 1999 .

[4]  Paul A. Nelson,et al.  Development of a high-power lithium-ion battery , 1998 .

[5]  Tsutomu Ohzuku,et al.  Zero‐Strain Insertion Material of Li [ Li1 / 3Ti5 / 3 ] O 4 for Rechargeable Lithium Cells , 1995 .

[6]  Lutz-Michael Berger,et al.  Studies on the Carbothermal Preparation of Titanium Carbide from Different Gel Precursors , 1999 .

[7]  K. Amine,et al.  Electrochemical and Thermal Investigation of Li4 ∕ 3Ti5 ∕ 3O4 Spinel , 2007 .

[8]  Yongyao Xia,et al.  Nanosized Li4Ti5O12 Prepared by Molten Salt Method as an Electrode Material for Hybrid Electrochemical Supercapacitors , 2006 .

[9]  Nobuhiro Ogihara,et al.  Encapsulation of Nanodot Ruthenium Oxide into KB for Electrochemical Capacitors , 2009 .

[10]  R. Kötz,et al.  Principles and applications of electrochemical capacitors , 2000 .

[11]  V. I. Kogan,et al.  Self-Discharge Related to Iron Ions and its Effect on the Parameters of HES PbO2 ∣ H2SO4 ∣ C Systems , 2007 .

[12]  E. Lust,et al.  Characterisation of activated nanoporous carbon for supercapacitor electrode materials , 2007 .

[13]  Werner Weppner,et al.  Evidence of Two‐Phase Formation upon Lithium Insertion into the Li1.33Ti1.67 O 4 Spinel , 1999 .

[14]  W. Yuan,et al.  Structural characterization of carbon nanofibers formed from different carbon-containing gases , 2006 .

[15]  P. Simon,et al.  Activated Carbon/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Supercapacitors , 2003 .

[16]  Zhihui Xu,et al.  Synthesis by TEA sol–gel method and electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12 anode material for lithium-ion battery , 2005 .

[17]  Shuichi Ishimoto,et al.  High-Voltage Asymmetric Electrochemical Capacitor Based on Polyfluorene Nanocomposite and Activated Carbon , 2008 .

[18]  A. Hollenkamp,et al.  Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors , 2006 .

[19]  A. Burke.  R&D considerations for the performance and application of electrochemical capacitors , 2007 .

[20]  A. Burke.  Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology , 2000 .

[21]  J. Shu.  Study of the Interface Between Li4Ti5O12 Electrodes and Standard Electrolyte Solutions in 0.0-5.0 V (vol 11, pg A238, 2008) , 2008 .

[22]  A. Yoshino,et al.  Development of a Lithium-Type Advanced Energy Storage Device , 2004 .

[23]  Andrew J. Gmitter,et al.  The design of alternative nonaqueous high power chemistries , 2006 .