Development and Perspectives of Landscape Ecology

Contributors. Acknowledgements. Preface. Foreword by Zev Naveh. 1: Landscape and Landscape Ecology. 1.1. The Landscape Concept (What is a Landscape?) 1.2. Landscape Ecology. 1.3. Disciplinary and Meta-Disciplinary Approaches in Landscape Ecology. 1.4. Landscape Ecology in Different Parts of the World. 2: Landscape Structures and Processes. 2.1. Vertical Landscape Structure and Functioning. 2.2. Landscape Complexes. 2.3. Landscape Elements. 2.4. Landscape Ecological Paradigms: Correlation - Hierarchy - Polarity. 2.5. Landscape Boundaries, Ecotones. 2.6. The Catena Principle. 2.7. Water-bound Material Fluxes in Landscapes. 2.8. Dispersal of Organisms - Biogeographical Aspects. 3: Landscape Analysis, Synthesis and Diagnosis. 3.1. Approaches and methods of Landscape Diagnosis. 3.2. Landscape Analysis: Investigation of Geocomponents. 3.3. The Indicator Principle. 3.4. Landscape Ecological Complex Analysis. 4: Landscape Change and Landscape Monitoring. 4.1. Landscape Change: History of the Landscape. 4.2. Landscape Monitoring. 4.3. Landscape Prognosis: Future Landscapes. 5: Landscape Assessment. 5.1. Ecological Carrying Capacity and Stability. 5.2. Landscape Functions and Natural Potentials. 5.3. Landscape Evaluation. 5.4. Landscape Assessment and Multicriteria Optimization. 5.5. Landscape Perception and Aesthetics. 6: Landscape Investigation Methods/Tools. 6.1. Landscape Ecological Mapping. 6.2. Landscape Information Systems. 6.3. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing. 6.4. Models in Landscape Ecology. 7: Applications of Landscape Ecology. 7.1. Landscape Ethics and Sustainability. 7.2. 'Leitbilder' for Landscape Development. 7.3. Landscape Planning. 7.4. Environmental Impact Assessment. 7.5. Farming and the Landscape: Structures of Organic and Conventional Farms. 7.6. Tourism and the Landscape: A Mutual Relationship. 7.7. Nature Conservation. 7.8. Historical Landscapes and Landscape Elements. 7.9. Sustainable Develiopment of Cities and Urban Regions. 7.10. Urban Ecology. 7.11. Restoriation Ecology. 7.12. Participation of Different Actors in a Landscape. References. Glossary. Index.

[1]  M. Moss.  Interdisciplinarity, landscape ecology and the `Transformation of Agricultural Landscapes' , 2000, Landscape Ecology.

[2]  W. Kubiëna.  Bestimmungsbuch und Systematik der Böden Europas , 1954 .

[3]  C. Weizsäcker.  Der Garten des Menschlichen : Beiträge zur geschichtlichen Anthropologie , 1978 .

[4]  Thomas L. Kieft,et al.  TEMPORAL DYNAMICS IN SOIL CARBON AND NITROGEN RESOURCES AT A GRASSLAND–SHRUBLAND ECOTONE , 1998 .

[5]  Fritjof Capra.  Wendezeit. Bausteine für ein neues Weltbild. , 1999 .

[6]  Anke Jentsch,et al.  The Search for Generality in Studies of Disturbance and Ecosystem Dynamics , 2001 .

[7]  B. Köhler,et al.  Probleme der kleinräumigen Geoökovarianz im mittelnorwegischen Gebirge. , 1994 .

[8]  Martin Scheringer,et al.  Transdisziplinarität: Problemorientierung ohne Methodenzwang , 1998 .

[9]  U. Schwertmann,et al.  Bodenerosion durch Wasser , 1987 .

[10]  J. V. Mansvelt,et al.  Checklist for sustainable landscape management : final report of the EU concerted action AIR3-CT93-1210: The landscape and nature production capacity of organic - sustainable types of agriculture , 1999 .

[11]  S. Pimm.  The complexity and stability of ecosystems , 1984, Nature.

[12]  Kenneth E. Boulding,et al.  The Image; Knowledge in Life and Society. , 1957 .

[13]  J. Karr.  Ecological Health, Public Health, and Societal Well-Being , 2000 .

[14]  L. Trepl.  Die Landschaft und die Wissenschaft , 1995 .

[15]  G. Lindsey.  Use of urban greenways: insights from Indianapolis☆ , 1999 .

[16]  J. Dronkers,et al.  Integrated coastal management: the challenge of transdisciplinarity , 1999 .

[17]  J. Lockwood.  Agriculture and biodiversity: Finding our place in this world , 1999 .

[18]  H. Knapp.  Internationaler Naturschutz. Phantom oder Notwendigkeit , 1997 .

[19]  F. Burel.  Ecological patterns and processes in European agricultural landscapes , 1995 .

[20]  K. Paffen.  Die natürliche Landschaft und ihre räumliche Gliederung : eine methodische Untersuchung am Beispiel der Mittel- und Niederrheinlande , 1953 .

[21]  A. Bosshard.  What does objectivity mean for analysis, valuation and implementation in agricultural landscape planning? A practical and epistemological approach to the search for sustainability in ‘agri-culture’☆ , 1997 .

[22]  C. Allen,et al.  Drought-induced shift of a forest-woodland ecotone: rapid landscape response to climate variation. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  H. Nagel,et al.  Ökologische Belastungsgrenzen - Critical Loads & Levels , 1999 .

[24]  A. King,et al.  Extinction Thresholds for Species in Fractal Landscapes , 1999 .

[25]  H. F. Alrøe,et al.  Approaches to assess the environmental impact of organic farming with particular regard to Denmark , 2001 .

[26]  N. Webb.  Restoration ecology: science, technology and society. , 1996, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[27]  J. R. Treweek,et al.  Ecological assessment of proposed road developments: a review of environmental statements , 1993 .

[28]  Jochen A. G. Jaeger.  Landscape division, splitting index, and effective mesh size: new measures of landscape fragmentation , 2000, Landscape Ecology.

[29]  Gary K. Meffe,et al.  Principles of Conservation Biology , 1995 .

[30]  P. Messerli,et al.  Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und ökologische Belastbarkeit im Berggebiet (MAB Schweiz) , 1978 .

[31]  Jeremy T. Kerr,et al.  Effects of Human Activity on Global Extinction Risk , 1995 .

[32]  G. Hughes.  Tourism and the environment; a sustainable partnership , 1996 .

[33]  Holmes Rolston,et al.  Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World , 1987 .

[34]  K. D. Aurada.  Logik und Logistik des Systemkonzepts der naturwissenschaftlichen Geographie , 1999 .

[35]  Ruprecht Düll,et al.  Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa , 1992 .

[36]  Olaf Bastian,et al.  Landscape Ecology – towards a unified discipline? , 2001, Landscape Ecology.

[37]  R. Gardner,et al.  Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: an introduction , 1991 .

[38]  Francesco di Castri,et al.  Enhancing the credibility of ecology: Is interdisciplinary research for land use planning useful? , 1986 .

[39]  G. Haas,et al.  Comparing intensive, extensified and organic grassland farming in southern Germany by process life cycle assessment , 2001 .

[40]  T. Blaschke.  Landschaftsanalyse und –bewertung mit GIS. Methodische Untersuchungen zu Ökosystemforschung und Naturschutz am Beispiel der bayerischen Salzachauen , 1997 .

[41]  Herman E. Daly,et al.  Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development , 1997 .

[42]  E. Mückenhausen.  Entstehung, Eigenschaften und Systematik der Böden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland , 1963 .

[43]  A. Farina.  Landscape structure and breeding bird distribution in a sub-Mediterranean agro-ecosystem , 1997, Landscape Ecology.

[44]  J. Habermas.  Moralbewusstsein und kommunikatives Handeln , 1983 .

[45]  Z. Naveh.  Some remarks on recent developments in landscape ecology as a transdisciplinary ecological and geographical science , 1991, Landscape Ecology.

[46]  V. Westhoff.  Stufen und Formen von Vegetationsgrenzen und Ihre Methodische Annäherung , 1974 .

[47]  W. Bray,et al.  Terra Preta Soils and Their Archaeological Context in the Caquetá Basin of Southeast Colombia , 1984, American Antiquity.

[48]  A. Tansley.  The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms , 1935 .

[49]  R. Whitcomb,et al.  Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes , 1981 .

[50]  Assessment of landscape change by land evaluation of past and present situation , 1998 .

[51]  Erich Jantsch,et al.  Inter- and transdisciplinary university: A systems approach to education and innovation , 1947 .

[52]  Gordon C. Jacoby,et al.  Tree ring width and density evidence of climatic and potential forest change in Alaska , 1995 .

[53]  J. Treweek,et al.  Ecological Impact Assessment , 1999 .

[54]  R. Kadmon,et al.  Studying Long-Term Vegetation Dynamics Using Digital Processing of Historical Aerial Photographs , 1999 .

[55]  J.J.B. Bronswijk,et al.  Modelling soil water dynamics in the unsaturated zone — State of the art , 1988 .

[56]  C. Johnston,et al.  Quantitative Methods for Studying Landscape Boundaries , 1992 .

[57]  U. Steinhardt.  Applying the fuzzy set theory for medium and small scale landscape assessment , 1998 .

[58]  A. R. Johnson,et al.  A hierarchical framework for the analysis of scale , 1989, Landscape Ecology.

[59]  Rainer Baumann,et al.  Environmental Indication: A Field Test of an Ecosystem Approach to Quantify Biological Self-Organization , 2001, Ecosystems.

[60]  Kent H. Redford,et al.  Biodiversity in Managed Landscapes: Theory and Practice. , 1996 .

[61]  R. Lenz,et al.  Ecosystem classification by budgets of material; the example of forest ecosystems classified as proton budget types , 1994 .

[62]  Martin Volk,et al.  Landscape Balance and Landscape Assessment , 2001 .

[63]  R. Dilworth,et al.  Living Landscapes. The future landscapes of the Western Australian wheatbelt , 2000 .

[64]  H. Delcourt,et al.  Ecotone Dynamics in Space and Time , 1992 .

[65]  H. Lautensach.  Der geographische Formenwandel : Studien zur Landschaftssystematik , 1954 .

[66]  Chong-Yu Xu,et al.  Regional water balance modelling in the NOPEX area: development and application of monthly water balance models , 1996 .

[67]  E. Odum.  The strategy of ecosystem development. , 1969, Science.

[68]  H. Meekes,et al.  Trends in European cultural landscape development: perspectives for a sustainable future , 1999 .

[69]  G. Merriam,et al.  Ecological Processes in the Time and Space of Farmland Mosaics , 1990 .

[70]  T. V. Elsen,et al.  Species diversity as a task for organic agriculture in Europe , 2000 .

[71]  Angelika Krebs,et al.  Ethics of nature : a map , 1999 .

[72]  Humberto R. Maturana,et al.  Der Baum der Erkenntnis : die biologischen Wurzeln des menschlichen Erkennens , 1987 .

[73]  W. Hamilton,et al.  The evolution of cooperation. , 1984, Science.

[74]  H. Zillessen.  Die Modernisierung der Demokratie im Zeichen der Umweltproblematik , 1993 .

[75]  N. Nakagoshi,et al.  Influence of cultural factors on landscapes of mountainous farm villages in western Japan , 1997 .

[76]  G. Bretschko.  River/land ecotones: scales and patterns , 1995, Hydrobiologia.

[77]  Peter Checkland,et al.  Systems Thinking, Systems Practice , 1981 .

[78]  J. Bakker,et al.  Constraints in the restoration of ecological diversity in grassland and heathland communities. , 1999, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[79]  R. Gardner,et al.  Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology , 1991 .

[80]  T. Malthus.  An essay on the principle of population, as it affects the future improvement of society , 2006 .

[81]  Jian-guo Wu.  Hierarchy and scaling: Extrapolating informa-tion along a scaling ladder , 1999 .

[82]  Jürgen Mittelstrass.  Unity and Transdisciplinarity , 1993 .

[83]  Gerald L. Young,et al.  Human Ecology as an Interdisciplinary Concept: A Critical Inquiry , 1974 .

[84]  Robin Attfield,et al.  The Ethics of the Global Environment , 1999 .

[85]  J. V. Laar,et al.  The contribution of organic agriculture to landscape quality in the Sogn og Fjordane region of Western Norway , 2000 .

[86]  Ann Norderhaug,et al.  Biotope patterns and abundance of meadow plant species in a Norwegian rural landscape , 2000, Landscape Ecology.

[87]  J. Habermas.  Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns , 1981 .

[88]  H. Décamps.  Demanding more of landscape research (and researchers) , 2000 .

[89]  R. Marrs,et al.  Acidifying arable soils for the restoration of acid grasslands , 2000 .

[90]  D. Sun,et al.  Review of studies on environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in Australia , 1998 .

[91]  A. Farina.  Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology , 1997, Springer Netherlands.

[92]  H. Bork,et al.  Quantifizierung des Bodenabtrags anhand von Modellen , 2004 .

[93]  J. Baudry,et al.  Hedgerows: An international perspective on their origin, function and management , 2000 .

[94]  M. Maunder.  Plant reintroduction: an overview , 1992, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[95]  L. Fahrig,et al.  Effect of woody borders on insect density and diversity in crop fields: A landscape-scale analysis , 2000 .

[96]  N. Morgan,et al.  Constructing tourism landscapes - gender, sexuality and space , 2000 .

[97]  R. A. Smith,et al.  THE USE OF METAL TOLERANT PLANT POPULATIONS FOR THE RECLAMATION OF METALLIFEROUS WASTES , 1979 .

[98]  M. Colquhoun.  An exploration into the use of Goethean science as a methodology for landscape assessment: the Pishwanton Project , 1997 .

[99]  Gunther Tress,et al.  Multifunctional Landscapes: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Landscape Research and Management. , 2000 .

[100]  Michael E. Gilpin,et al.  Restoration Ecology: A Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research , 1989 .

[101]  Andrew Lane,et al.  The meaning of hedgerows in the English landscape: Different stakeholder perspectives and the implications for future hedge management , 2000 .

[102]  J. A. Klijn.  Hierarchical concepts in landscape and its underlying disciplines : the unbearable lightness of a theory? , 1995 .

[103]  Zev Naveh,et al.  Landscape Ecology as an Emerging Branch of Human Ecosystem Science , 1982 .

[104]  S. Oreszczyn.  A Systems Approach to the Research of People's Relationships with English Hedgerows , 2000 .

[105]  Hans Juergen Boehmer.  Die Halbtrockenrasen der Fränkischen Alb - Strukturen, Prozesse, Erhaltung , 2003 .

[106]  M. Menz,et al.  Gegenüberstellung von Stoffflußmessungen nach dem Konzept der landschaftsökologischen Komplexanalyse mit einer GIS-basierten ökologischen Risikokarte in topischer bis mesochorischer Dimension im schweizerischen Jura , 1999 .

[107]  J. Wetlesen.  The Moral Status of Beings who are not Persons: A Casuistic Argument , 1999, Environmental values.

[108]  R. Macarthur,et al.  The Theory of Island Biogeography , 1969 .

[109]  W. Rees.  Revisiting carrying capacity: Area-based indicators of sustainability , 1996 .

[110]  R. May.  Food webs. , 1983, Science.

[111]  Dieter Martin.  Zur Autökologie der Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae). I. Charakteristik der Habitatausstattung und Präferenzverhalten epigäischer Spinnenarten , 1991 .

[112]  A. V. Humboldt.  Über die Verschiedenartigkeit des Naturgenusses und eine wissenschaftliche Ergründung der Weltgesetze 1836 , 1987 .

[113]  F. Ammannati.  Grundlagen der geo-informationssysteme. I : hardware, software und daten , 1991 .

[114]  F. Klötzli,et al.  Restoration experiments in middle European wet terrestrial ecosystems: an overview , 1996, Vegetatio.

[115]  P. Abrams.  Evolution and the Consequences of Species Introductions and Deletions , 1996 .

[116]  J. Mackie,et al.  Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong , 1977 .

[117]  Kathryn E. Freemark,et al.  Assessing effects of agriculture on terrestrial wildlife: developing a hierarchical approach for the US EPA , 1995 .

[118]  C. Beierkuhnlein.  Biodiversität und Raum , 1998 .

[119]  S. Dyck,et al.  Overview on the present status of the concepts of water balance models , 1985 .

[120]  Barbara A. Kennedy,et al.  Physical geography: A systems approach , 1971 .

[121]  Fernerkundung als Instrument der Landschaftsökologie , 1999 .

[122]  A. K. Kaifel,et al.  Klassifikation von Satellitendaten mit Texturanalyse zur großflächigen Landnutzungskartierung , 1990, Informatik für den Umweltschutz.

[123]  Lawrence A. Kapustka,et al.  Landscape ecology and wildlife habitat evaluation : critical information for ecological risk assessment, land-use management activities, and biodiversity enhancement , 2004 .

[124]  H. Gleason.  The individualistic concept of the plant association , 1926 .

[125]  A. Carlson.  Appreciation and the Natural Environment , 1979 .

[126]  Z. Naveh.  Interactions of landscapes and cultures , 1995 .

[127]  U. Mörtberg,et al.  Red-listed forest bird species in an urban environment — assessment of green space corridors , 2000 .

[128]  E. Reiche.  Entwicklung, Validierung und Anwendung eines Modellsystems zur Beschreibung und flächenhaften Bilanzierung der Wasser- und Stickstoffdynamik in Böden , 1991 .

[129]  Rolf Werner.  Ecologically and economically efficient and sustainable use of agricultural landscapes , 1993 .

[130]  J. L. Dooley,et al.  A controlled, hierarchical study of habitat fragmentation: responses at the individual, patch, and landscape scale , 1999, Landscape Ecology.

[131]  Pierre Berthon,et al.  Insights from ecology: an ecotone perspective of marketing , 2000 .

[132]  Michael Trieb.  Stadtgestaltung : Theorie und Praxis , 1974 .

[133]  R. Butler.  Tourism and the environment: A geographical perspective , 2000 .

[134]  A. Reenberg,et al.  Rural land-use and landscape dynaamics - analysis of 'driving forces' in space and time , 1999 .

[135]  Arthur S. Lieberman,et al.  Landscape Ecology , 1994, Springer New York.

[136]  Zev Naveh,et al.  What is holistic landscape ecology? A conceptual introduction , 2000 .

[137]  MarionB. Potschin,et al.  Are Landscapes Self-organising? , 2001 .

[138]  R. J. Pool,et al.  Plant Succession. An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation , 1917 .

[139]  R. Neilson.  Transient Ecotone Response to Climatic Change: Some Conceptual and Modelling Approaches. , 1993, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[140]  J. Schultze.  Die Naturbedingten Landschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik , 1955 .

[141]  Jack Ahern,et al.  Planning for an extensive open space system: linking landscape structure and function , 1991 .

[142]  H. Cowles.  The Causes of Vegetative Cycles , 1911, Botanical Gazette.

[143]  Wilhelm Windhorst,et al.  Ökologische Integrität: Risikovorsorge im nachhaltigen Landschaftsmanagement , 2001 .

[144]  R. Costanza.  Social Goals and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services , 2000, Ecosystems.

[145]  Christen Raunkiaer,et al.  The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography; being the collected papers of C. Raunkiaer. , 1935 .

[146]  J. Löffler.  High Mountain Ecosystems and Landscape Degradation in Northern Norway , 2000 .

[147]  J. Nassauer.  Cultural Sustainability: Aligning Aesthetics and Ecology , 1997 .

[148]  F. Klötzli.  Disturbance in transplanted grasslands and wetlands , 1987 .

[149]  F. Sklar,et al.  Modeling Coastal Landscape Dynamics , 1990 .

[150]  S. Pignatti.  Impact of tourism on the mountain landscape of central Italy , 1993 .

[151]  H Briassoulis,et al.  Policy-Oriented Integrated Analysis of Land-Use Change: An Analysis of Data Needs , 2001, Environmental management.

[152]  Kevin J. Gaston,et al.  Biodiversity : a biology of numbers and difference , 1996 .

[153]  Burghard C. Meyer,et al.  Multicriteria optimization of landscapes using GIS-based functional assessments 1 For a test site ne , 1998 .

[154]  B. E. Livingston.  Research Methods in Ecology , 1924 .

[155]  D. Green,et al.  Landscape ecology and geographic information systems , 1994 .

[156]  John A. Wiens,et al.  What is landscape ecology, really? , 1992, Landscape Ecology.

[157]  M. Gilpin,et al.  Metapopulation dynamics: a brief his-tory and conceptual domain , 1991 .

[158]  W. Heisenberg,et al.  Physik und Philosophie , 2014 .

[159]  K.-O. Wenkel.  Dynamische Landschaftsmodelle für die Angewandte Landschaftsökologie , 1999 .

[160]  W. Ripl.  Management of water cycle and energy flow for ecosystem control: the energy-transport-reaction (ETR) model , 1995 .

[161]  G. Daily,et al.  Socioeconomic equity, sustainability, and earth's carrying capacity , 1995 .

[162]  D. Simberloff,et al.  What do genetics and ecology tell us about the design of nature reserves , 1986 .

[163]  William Cronon.  Uncommon ground : rethinking the human place in nature , 1996 .

[164]  C. Troll.  Die geographische Landschaft und ihre Erforschung , 1950 .

[165]  B. Harms,et al.  Landscape planning for nature restoration: comparing regional scenarios , 1993 .

[166]  R. Simpson,et al.  Ecosystem function and human activities : reconciling economics and ecology , 1997 .

[167]  Maxine Feifer.  Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present , 1986 .

[168]  M. Turner,et al.  LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY : The Effect of Pattern on Process 1 , 2002 .

[169]  Robert G. Bailey,et al.  Ecosystem Geography , 1996, Springer New York.

[170]  G. Kaule.  Kartierung Schutzwürdiger Biotope in Bayern. Erfahrungen 1974 , 1975 .

[171]  R. Groh,et al.  Weltbild und Naturaneignung , 1996 .

[172]  I. Leone,et al.  Monitoring of Air Pollutants by Plants. Methods and Problems. , 1983 .

[173]  P. Richards,et al.  Geo-ecology of the Mountainous Regions of the Tropical Americas. , 1970 .

[174]  P. Rita.  Tourism in the European Union , 2000 .

[175]  P. White,et al.  Disturbance, scale, and boundary in wilderness management , 2000 .

[176]  S. Dabbert,et al.  Landschaftsmodellierung für die Umweltplanung , 1999 .

[177]  Martin Hermy,et al.  How to define targets for ecological restoration? - Introduction , 2000 .

[178]  J. Habermas,et al.  Faktizität und Geltung , 1992 .

[179]  Z. Lipský,et al.  The changing face of the Czech rural landscape , 1995 .

[180]  V. James,et al.  Environmental impact assessment, a comparative review , 1996 .

[181]  Steward T. A. Pickett,et al.  Patch dynamics and the design of nature reserves , 1978 .

[182]  Martin T. Sykes,et al.  Small-scale plant species turnover in a limestone grassland: the carousel model and some comments on the niche concept. , 1993 .

[183]  F. H. Schweingruber,et al.  Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes , 1998, Nature.

[184]  C. Fitzgibbon,et al.  Small mammals in farm woodlands : the effects of habitat, isolation and surrounding land-use patterns , 1997 .

[185]  E. Jantsch.  The self-organizing universe : scientific and human implications of the emerging paradigm of evolution , 1980 .

[186]  M.-J. Fortin,et al.  Issues related to the detection of boundaries , 2000, Landscape Ecology.

[187]  Rainer Duttmann.  Prozessorientierte Landschaftsanalyse mit einem geoökologischen Informationssystem: experimentelle Untersuchungen und Aufbau des geoökologischen Informationssystems GOEKIS im Repräsentativgebiet Hagen (Nienburger Geest) , 1993 .

[188]  A. Jermy,et al.  Plant invaders: The threat to natural ecosystems , 1997 .

[189]  Roy Haines-Young,et al.  Sustainable development and sustainable landscapes: defining a new paradigm for landscape ecology. , 2000 .

[190]  Ralf Grabaum.  Verfahren der polyfunktionalen Bewertung von Landschaftselementen einer Landschaftseinheit mit anschliessender "Multicriteria optimization" zur Generierung vielfältiger Landnutzungsoptionen , 1996 .

[191]  Eric J. Gustafson,et al.  Quantifying Landscape Spatial Pattern: What Is the State of the Art? , 1998, Ecosystems.

[192]  A. Dhondt.  Carrying capacity: a confusing concept , 1988 .

[193]  R. Daubenmire.  Alpine Timberlines in the Americas and Their Interpretation , 1954 .

[194]  On Abstract and Concrete Boundaries, Arranging and Classification , 1974 .

[195]  Monica G. Turner,et al.  Quantitative methods in landscape ecology : the analysis and interpretation of landscape heterogeneity , 1991 .

[196]  F. Stuart Chapin,et al.  Responses of Arctic Tundra to Experimental and Observed Changes in Climate , 1995 .

[197]  M. Küppers.  Die Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands, Richard Pott. Verlag Eugen Ulmer (1992), 427 pp. (ISBN 3-82528067-5). Price: 58. - DM. , 1994 .

[198]  J. Kutzbach,et al.  Feedbacks between climate and boreal forests during the Holocene epoch , 1994, Nature.

[199]  G. Tress,et al.  Capitalising on multiplicity: a transdisciplinary systems approach to landscape research , 2001 .

[200]  R. Lenz.  Mittelmaßstäbige Raumbewertungen für die Angewandte Landschaftsökologie , 1999 .

[201]  O. Jenkins,et al.  Understanding and measuring tourist destination images , 1997 .

[202]  Andrew J. Hansen,et al.  Epilogue: Biodiversity and Ecological Flows Across Ecotones , 1992 .

[203]  R. Mellor,et al.  Die Theoretischen Grundlagen der Landschaftslehre , 1968 .

[204]  D. Steadman.  Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity Meets Zooarchaeology , 1995, Science.

[205]  Hermann Haken,et al.  Die Selbststrukturierung der Materie , 1991 .

[206]  F. Golley.  Future directions in landscape ecology research , 1988, Landscape Ecology.

[207]  J. Mittelstraß,et al.  Einheit, Interdisziplinarität, Komplementarität Orientierungsprobleme der Wissenschaft Heute , 1991 .

[208]  Joan Iverson Nassauer,et al.  Culture and changing landscape structure , 1995, Landscape Ecology.

[209]  K. C. Kersebaum,et al.  Application of a simple management model to simulate water and nitrogen dynamics , 1995 .

[210]  R. Scholes,et al.  The origin and extent of nutrient-enriched patches within a nutrient-poor savanna in South Africa. , 1990 .

[211]  Robert M. May,et al.  The Search for Patterns in the Balance of Nature: Advances and Retreats , 1986 .

[212]  R. Hobbs,et al.  Revegetation Guide to the Central Wheatbelt , 1991 .

[213]  M. Volk,et al.  Regionalisierung in der Landschaftsökologie , 1999 .

[214]  K. Buchwald,et al.  Umweltschutz : Grundlagen und Praxis , 1993 .

[215]  R. Marks,et al.  Anleitung zur Bewertung des Leistungsvermögens des Landschaftshaushaltes (BA LVL) , 1992 .

[216]  T. L. Scheid-Cook,et al.  A Sand County Almanac , 1949 .

[217]  H. Bobek.  Die Landschaft im logischen System der Geographie , 1949 .

[218]  R. Marrs,et al.  Techniques for reducing soil fertility for nature conservation purposes: A review in relation to research at Roper's Heath, Suffolk, England , 1985 .

[219]  Anticipating conflicts : public participation in managing the solid waste crisis , 1992 .

[220]  F. Luz.  Participatory landscape ecology: A basis for acceptance and implementation , 2000 .

[221]  Monica G. Turner,et al.  Landscape Heterogeneity and Disturbance , 2011, Ecological Studies.

[222]  T. Downing Bowler,et al.  General systems thinking : its scope and applicability , 1981 .

[223]  Daniel Simberloff,et al.  The Contribution of Population and Community Biology to Conservation Science , 1988 .

[224]  Derek Thompson,et al.  Fundamentals of spatial information systems , 1992, A.P.I.C. series.

[225]  J. Urry.  The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies , 1990 .

[226]  I. Zonneveld,et al.  Scope and Concepts of Landscape Ecology as an Emerging Science , 1990 .

[227]  D. Rosier,et al.  How to use roads in the creation of greenways: case studies in three New Zealand landscapes , 2001 .

[228]  Rita Schneider-Sliwa,et al.  Angewandte Landschaftsökologie : Grundlagen und Methoden , 1999 .

[229]  C. Grashof-Bokdam,et al.  Forest species in an agricultural landscape in The Netherlands: effects of habitat fragmentation , 1997 .

[230]  Hans-Rudolf Bork,et al.  Landschaftsentwicklung in Mitteleuropa , 1998 .

[231]  Thomas B. Starr,et al.  Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity , 1982 .

[232]  F. Capra.  THE WEB OF LIFE : A New Synthesis of Mind and Matter , 1996 .

[233]  H. Sukopp,et al.  Urban Ecology — Scientific and Practical Aspects , 1998 .

[234]  Jason Pither,et al.  An Experimental Assessment of Landscape Connectivity , 1998 .

[235]  H. Leser,et al.  Handbuch und Kartieranleitung, Geoökologische Karte 1:25,000 (KA GÖK 25) , 1988 .

[236]  Thomas A. McMahon,et al.  Physically based hydrologic modeling: 1. A terrain‐based model for investigative purposes , 1992 .

[237]  A. Novikoff.  THE CONCEPT OF INTEGRATIVE LEVELS AND BIOLOGY. , 1945, Science.

[238]  Ian J. Bateman,et al.  Economics of Coastal and Water Resources: Valuing Environmental Functions , 2001 .

[239]  M. Obrist,et al.  Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: above-ground insects , 1999 .

[240]  N. B. Kotliar,et al.  Multiple scales of patchiness and patch structure: a hierarchical framework for the study of heterogeneity , 1990 .

[241]  Richard J. Hobbs,et al.  Future landscapes and the future of landscape ecology , 1997 .

[242]  H. Remmert,et al.  The Mosaic-Cycle Concept of Ecosystems , 1991, Ecological Studies.

[243]  Gene E. Likens,et al.  The Ecological Basis of Conservation , 1997, Springer US.

[244]  H. Ellenberg.  Ökosystemforschung : Ergebnisse des Sollingprojekts 1966-1986 , 1986 .

[245]  Eduard Mückenhausen.  Die Bodenkunde und ihre geologischen, geomorphologischen, mineralogischen und petrologischen Grundlagen , 1993 .