Sulfur mustard gas exposure: case report and review of the literature.

This report describes a case of burn injury following exposure to sulfur mustard, a chemical agent used in war. A review of the diagnostic characteristics, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic measures used to treat this uncommon, yet extremely toxic, entity is presented. The aim of this report is to highlight the importance of considering this diagnosis in any war victim, especially during these unfortunate times of rising terrorist activities.

[1]  M. Ghanei,et al.  Pathogenesis and treatment of skin lesions caused by sulfur mustard , 2012, Cutaneous and ocular toxicology.

[2]  H. Mortazavi,et al.  Late cutaneous manifestations 14 to 20 years after wartime exposure to sulfur mustard gas: a long-term investigation. , 2008, Archives of dermatology.

[3]  K. Kehe,et al.  Medical aspects of sulphur mustard poisoning. , 2005, Toxicology.

[4]  S W A Gunn,et al.  Armed conflict and burn injuries: a brief review*. , 2005, Annals of burns and fire disasters.

[5]  A. Al-Kaisy,et al.  Role of the antioxidant effect of vitamin e with vitamin C and topical povidone-iodine ointment in the treatment of burns. , 2005, Annals of burns and fire disasters.

[6]  J. Parrish,et al.  Vesicants and nerve agents in chemical warfare , 2002, Postgraduate medicine.

[7]  A Z Momeni,et al.  Skin manifestations of mustard gas. A clinical study of 535 patients exposed to mustard gas. , 1992, Archives of dermatology.

[8]  F. Sidell,et al.  Agents of chemical warfare: sulfur mustard. , 1992, Annals of emergency medicine.

[9]  J. Loke Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries , 1987 .

[10]  L. F. Haber,et al.  The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War , 1986 .

[11]  J. Petrali,et al.  Molecular basis for mustard-induced vesication. , 1985, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[12]  N. Bojanić,et al.  The protective effect of different drugs in rats poisoned by sulfur and nitrogen mustards. , 1985, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[13]  I. Bernstein,et al.  Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). Persistent asthma syndrome after high level irritant exposures. , 1985, Chest.

[14]  R. Vogt,et al.  Pathogenesis of skin lesions caused by sulfur mustard. , 1984, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[15]  R. Doll,et al.  Cancer of the larynx and other occupational hazards of mustard gas workers. , 1981, Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences.

[16]  Shuichi Inada,et al.  MULTIPLE BOWEN'S DISEASE OBSERVED IN FORMER WORKERS OF A POISON GAS FACTORY IN JAPAN, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUSTARD GAS EXPOSURE , 1978, The Journal of dermatology.

[17]  W. Geeraets,et al.  Acute corneal injury by mustard gas. , 1977, Southern medical journal.

[18]  J. Norman,et al.  Lung cancer mortality in World War I veterans with mustard-gas injury: 1919-1965. , 1975, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[19]  G. Beebe Lung cancer in World War I veterans: possible relation to mustard-gas injury and 1918 influenza epidemic. , 1960, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[20]  W. Atkinson Delayed keratitis due to mustard gas (dichlorodiethyl sulfide burns) report of two cases. , 1948, Archives of ophthalmology.

[21]  M. Dixon,et al.  Biochemical Research on Chemical Warfare Agents , 1946, Nature.

[22]  W. Stein,et al.  THE PENETRATION OF VESICANT VAPORS INTO HUMAN SKIN , 1946, The Journal of general physiology.

[23]  U. Wormser Toxicology of mustard gas. , 1991, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[24]  T. Williams The poisonous cloud: By L. F. Haber. Pp. xiv + 415. Oxford University Press. 1986. £35.00 , 1986 .

[25]  R. Trapp The detoxification and natural degradation of chemical warfare agents , 1985 .

[26]  J. Petrali,et al.  Pathology Produced by Sulfur Mustard in Human Skin Grafts on Athymic Nude Mice. II. Ultrastructural Changes , 1984 .

[27]  T. Lindahl,et al.  DNA glycosylases, endonucleases for apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, and base excision-repair. , 1979, Progress in nucleic acid research and molecular biology.