Acquisition of Commonsense Knowledge

We discuss systems and methods for acquiring the knowledge necessary for commonsense reasoning. First, we discuss the manual acquisition of commonsense knowledge in Cyc, WordNet, and ThoughtTreasure. We then describe systems for crowdsourcing commonsense knowledge, including Open Mind Common Sense and Learner. Next, we review games for acquiring commonsense knowledge, including Verbosity and Common Consensus. We then present methods for mining relation instances and implicit knowledge from natural language text. After that, we describe how to perform reasoning in the event calculus using knowledge acquired through crowdsourcing. Next, we compare the systems and methods for acquiring commonsense knowledge. Finally, we review estimates of the size of human commonsense knowledge.

[1]  John von Neumann,et al.  The Computer and the Brain , 1960 .

[2]  Henry Lieberman,et al.  Robust Photo Retrieval Using World Semantics , 2002 .

[3]  A. M. Turing,et al.  Computing Machinery and Intelligence , 1950, The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence.

[4]  Douglas B. Lenat,et al.  Why AM and EURISKO Appear to Work , 1984, Artif. Intell..

[5]  Ramanathan V. Guha,et al.  CYC: A Midterm Report , 1990, AI Mag..

[6]  Hinrich Schütze,et al.  Book Reviews: Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing , 1999, CL.

[7]  Robert Speer.  Learning common sense knowledge from user interaction and principal component analysis , 2007 .

[8]  Russell Greiner,et al.  A Representation Language Language , 1980, AAAI.

[9]  John McCarthy,et al.  Notes on Formalizing Context , 1993, IJCAI.

[10]  John McCarthy,et al.  Generality in artificial intelligence , 1987, Resonance.

[11]  Michael J. Witbrock,et al.  Knowledge Begets Knowledge: Steps towards Assisted Knowledge Acquisition in Cyc , 2005, AAAI Spring Symposium: Knowledge Collection from Volunteer Contributors.

[12]  Lenhart K. Schubert,et al.  Discovering Commonsense Entailment Rules Implicit in Sentences , 2011, TextInfer@EMNLP.

[13]  Per Christian Hansen,et al.  Rank-Deficient and Discrete Ill-Posed Problems , 1996 .

[14]  Marti A. Hearst.  Automatic Acquisition of Hyponyms from Large Text Corpora , 1992, COLING.

[15]  Douglas B. Lenat,et al.  CYC: a large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure , 1995, CACM.

[16]  Van Durme,et al.  Extracting implicit knowledge from text , 2009 .

[17]  Hugo Liu,et al.  Unpacking Meaning from Words: A Context-Centered Approach to Computational Lexicon Design , 2003, CONTEXT.

[18]  Lenhart K. Schubert,et al.  TTT: A Tree Transduction Language for Syntactic and Semantic Processing , 2012, ATANLP@EACL.

[19]  Avirup Sil,et al.  Extracting STRIPS Representations of Actions and Events , 2011, RANLP.

[20]  David Baxter,et al.  Knowledge formation and dialogue using the KRAKEN toolset , 2002, AAAI/IAAI.

[21]  Nathanael Chambers,et al.  Unsupervised Learning of Narrative Schemas and their Participants , 2009, ACL.

[22]  James Pustejovsky,et al.  Discovering semantic relations using singular value decomposition based techniques. , 2011 .

[23]  Ramanathan V. Guha,et al.  Enabling agents to work together , 1994, CACM.

[24]  R. Kurzweil.  The Age of Spiritual Machines , 1999 .

[25]  Thomas Lin.  Analogical inference over a common sense database , 2002, AAAI/IAAI.

[26]  Henry Lieberman,et al.  CrossBridge: Finding Analogies Using Dimensionality Reduction , 2010, AAAI Fall Symposium: Commonsense Knowledge.

[27]  J. T. Schwartz,et al.  The new connectionism: developing relationships between neuroscience and artificical intelligence , 1989 .

[28]  Lenhart K. Schubert.  Can we derive general world knowledge from texts , 2002 .

[29]  Erik T. Mueller,et al.  Open Mind Common Sense: Knowledge Acquisition from the General Public , 2002, OTM.

[30]  Timothy Chklovski,et al.  Learner: a system for acquiring commonsense knowledge by analogy , 2003, K-CAP '03.

[31]  Catherine Havasi,et al.  Representing General Relational Knowledge in ConceptNet 5 , 2012, LREC.

[32]  Push Singh,et al.  The Public Acquisition of Commonsense Knowledge , 2002 .

[33]  Hugo Liu,et al.  ConceptNet — A Practical Commonsense Reasoning Tool-Kit , 2004 .

[34]  Ramanathan V. Guha,et al.  Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project , 1990 .

[35]  Rada Mihalcea,et al.  Building a Sense Tagged Corpus with Open Mind Word Expert , 2002, SENSEVAL.

[36]  Thomas K. Landauer,et al.  How Much do People Remember? Some Estimates of the Quantity of Learned Information in Long-Term Memory , 1986, Cogn. Sci..

[37]  Jon Curtis,et al.  Representing Knowledge Gaps Effectively , 2004, PAKM.

[38]  Ramanathan V. Guha,et al.  The evolution of CycL, the Cyc representation language , 1991, SGAR.

[39]  Patrick Pantel,et al.  Discovery of inference rules for question-answering , 2001, Natural Language Engineering.

[40]  Eugene Charniak,et al.  Finding Parts in Very Large Corpora , 1999, ACL.

[41]  Lenhart K. Schubert,et al.  Extracting and evaluating general world knowledge from the Brown Corpus , 2003, HLT-NAACL 2003.

[42]  Lenhart K. Schubert,et al.  Using Textual Patterns to Learn Expected Event Frequencies , 2012, AKBC-WEKEX@NAACL-HLT.

[43]  R. Guha.  Contexts: a formalization and some applications , 1992 .

[44]  Marti A. Hearst.  Automated Discovery of WordNet Relations , 2004 .

[45]  Chung Hee Hwang,et al.  Episodic Logic Meets Little Red Riding Hood: A Comprehensive, Natural Representation for Language Un , 2000 .

[46]  Eugene Charniak,et al.  A Maximum-Entropy-Inspired Parser , 2000, ANLP.

[47]  Gene H. Golub,et al.  Matrix computations , 1983 .

[48]  Lenhart K. Schubert,et al.  Quantificational Sharpening of Commonsense Knowledge , 2010, AAAI Fall Symposium: Commonsense Knowledge.

[49]  Laura A. Dabbish,et al.  Designing games with a purpose , 2008, CACM.

[50]  James H. Martin,et al.  Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition , 2000 .

[51]  Nathanael Chambers,et al.  Unsupervised Learning of Narrative Event Chains , 2008, ACL.

[52]  David S. Watkins,et al.  Fundamentals of matrix computations , 1991 .