Effect of Ethephon as an Ethylene-Releasing Compound on the Metabolic Profile of Chlorella vulgaris.

In this study, Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) was treated with ethephon at low (50 μM) and high (200 μM) concentrations in medium and harvested at 0, 7, and 14 days, respectively. The presence of ethephon led to significant metabolic changes in C. vulgaris, with significantly higher levels of α-tocopherol, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), asparagine, and proline, but lower levels of glycine, citrate, and galactose relative to control. Ethephon induced increases in saturated fatty acids but decreases in unsaturated fatty acids. The levels of highly saturated sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol species and palmitic acid bound phospholipids were increased on day 7 of ethephon treatment. Among the metabolites, the productivities of α-tocopherol (0.70 μg/L/day) and GABA (1.90 μg/L/day) were highest for 50 and 200 μM ethephon on day 7, respectively. We propose that ethephon treatment involves various metabolic processes in C. vulgaris and can be an efficient way to enrich the contents of α-tocopherol and GABA.

[1]  P. Domingues,et al.  Lipidomics as a new approach for the bioprospecting of marine macroalgae — Unraveling the polar lipid and fatty acid composition of Chondrus crispus , 2015 .

[2]  H. Fromm,et al.  GABA in plants: just a metabolite? , 2004, Trends in plant science.

[3]  Rachel V. Bennett,et al.  OmniSpect: An Open MATLAB-Based Tool for Visualization and Analysis of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization and Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Images , 2013, Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[4]  J. Ohlrogge,et al.  Lipid biosynthesis. , 1995, The Plant cell.

[5]  S. Verma,et al.  Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants , 2003 .

[6]  Jonathan D. G. Jones,et al.  Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses , 2009, Plant Molecular Biology.

[7]  C. Lan,et al.  Effects of nitrogen sources on cell growth and lipid accumulation of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans , 2008, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[8]  K. Park,et al.  Production of yogurt with enhanced levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and valuable nutrients using lactic acid bacteria and germinated soybean extract. , 2007, Bioresource technology.

[9]  A. Trémolières.  Glycerolipids: Composition, Biosynthesis and Function in Chlamydomonas , 1998 .

[10]  N. L. Wade,et al.  Changes in the lipid composition of ripening banana fruits and evidence for an associated increase in cell membrane permeability. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[11]  R. Reggiani.  A role for ethylene in low-oxygen signaling in rice roots , 2006, Amino Acids.

[12]  Farid Chemat,et al.  Combined Extraction Processes of Lipid from Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae: Microwave Prior to Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction , 2011, International journal of molecular sciences.

[13]  P. Mastrorilli,et al.  On the use of Ethephon as abscising agent in cv. Crimson Seedless table grape production: combination of Fruit Detachment Force, Fruit Drop and metabolomics. , 2015, Food chemistry.

[14]  Oliver Fiehn,et al.  LipidBlast - in-silico tandem mass spectrometry database for lipid identification , 2013, Nature Methods.

[15]  A. Cooke,et al.  2-Haloethanephosphonic Acids as Ethylene Releasing Agents for the Induction of Flowering in Pineapples , 1968, Nature.

[16]  R. Pierik,et al.  The Janus face of ethylene: growth inhibition and stimulation. , 2006, Trends in Plant Science.

[17]  Vidhu A. Sane,et al.  Activation of ethylene-responsive p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase leads to increased tocopherol levels during ripening in mango , 2011, Journal of experimental botany.

[18]  C. Delwiche,et al.  Conservation of ethylene as a plant hormone over 450 million years of evolution , 2015, Nature Plants.

[19]  D. Bouchez,et al.  Mitochondrial succinic-semialdehyde dehydrogenase of the γ-aminobutyrate shunt is required to restrict levels of reactive oxygen intermediates in plants , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  Saeed Ahmad,et al.  Ethephon application at kimri stage accelerates the fruit maturation period and improves phytonutrients status (Hillawi and Khadrawi (c.v.)) of date palm fruit. , 2015 .

[21]  C. Epstein,et al.  Lipid Peroxidation and Superoxide Dismutase-1 and Glutathione Peroxidase Activities in Trisomy 16 Fetal Mice and Human Trisomy 21 Fibroblasts , 1987, Pediatric Research.

[22]  Mohammad Pessarakli,et al.  Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Damage, and Antioxidative Defense Mechanism in Plants under Stressful Conditions , 2012 .

[23]  K. Sanjay,et al.  Biomass Production Potential of Chlorella vulgaris Under Different CO2 Concentrations and Light Intensities , 2011 .

[24]  S. Peng,et al.  A novel role of ethephon in controlling the noxious weed Ipomoea cairica (Linn.) Sweet , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[25]  Simona M Cristescu,et al.  Involvement of ethylene and nitric oxide in cell death in mastoparan‐treated unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , 2010, Cell biology international.

[26]  S. Munné-Bosch,et al.  Ethylene signaling may be involved in the regulation of tocopherol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana , 2009, FEBS letters.

[27]  J. Coombes,et al.  Antioxidant therapy in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review. , 2012, Kidney international.

[28]  Andreas Hansson,et al.  Oxidative modifications to cellular components in plants. , 2007, Annual review of plant biology.

[29]  C. Lan,et al.  Enhancement of lipid production using biochemical, genetic and transcription factor engineering approaches. , 2009, Journal of biotechnology.

[30]  Joo-Youp Lee,et al.  Removal of Ammonia from Wastewater Effluent by Chlorella Vulgaris , 2010 .

[31]  R. Sairam,et al.  Oxidative stress and antioxidative system in plants , 2002 .

[32]  M. Vendrell,et al.  Effect of Ethephon and Seniphos Treatments on the Anthocyanin Composition of Starking Apples , 1996 .

[33]  Lihua Zhang,et al.  Effects of ethephon on physicochemical and quality properties of kiwifruit during ripening , 2012 .

[34]  A. Paulin,et al.  Accelerated ethylene production as related to changes in lipids and electrolyte leakage during senescence of petals of cut carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) , 1987 .

[35]  J. Mérillon,et al.  Ethephon elicits protection against Erysiphe necator in grapevine. , 2008, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.