Review of superconducting transition-edge sensors for x-ray and gamma-ray spectroscopy

We present a review of emerging x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers based on arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs). Special attention will be given to recent progress in TES applications and in understanding TES physics.

[1]  Anthony J. Peacock,et al.  Resolution limitation due to phonon losses in superconducting tunnel junctions , 2006 .

[2]  M. P. Bruijn,et al.  Cryogenic time-domain multiplexer based on SQUID arrays and superconducting/normal conducting switches , 2014 .

[3]  Kent D. Irwin,et al.  Flux-Ramp Modulation for SQUID Multiplexing , 2012 .

[4]  Marcel P. Bruijn,et al.  Baseband Feedback for Frequency‐Domain‐Multiplexed Readout of TES X‐ray Detectors , 2009 .

[5]  Simon R. Bandler,et al.  Non-linear effects in transition edge sensors for X-ray detection , 2006 .

[6]  Pourya Khosropanah,et al.  Josephson effects in an alternating current biased transition edge sensor , 2014 .

[7]  M. Kiviranta,et al.  Performance of TES X-ray Microcalorimeters with AC Bias Read-Out at MHz Frequencies , 2014 .

[8]  Stephan Friedrich,et al.  Nuclear diagnostics with cryogenic spectrometers , 2007 .

[9]  D. R. Artusa,et al.  The CUORICINO and CUORE double beta decay experiments , 2006 .

[10]  D. Lacour,et al.  First measurement of the beta spectrum of 241Pu with a cryogenic detector. , 2010, Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine.

[11]  T. Stevenson,et al.  Time Domain Multiplexed Readout of Magnetically Coupled Calorimeters , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[12]  Didier D. E. Martin,et al.  Modelling the Resistive State in a Transition Edge Sensor , 2011 .

[13]  Ryuichi Fujimoto,et al.  The Suzaku High Resolution X-Ray Spectrometer , 2007 .

[14]  Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano,et al.  Optimal Fitting of Non-linear Detector Pulses with Nonstationary Noise , 2002 .

[15]  J. Ullom,et al.  Resistance in transition-edge sensors: A comparison of the resistively shunted junction and two-fluid models , 2013 .

[16]  Optimization of thermal kinetic inductance detectors for x-ray spectroscopy , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[17]  John M. Martinis,et al.  Hot‐electron microcalorimeters as high‐resolution x‐ray detectors , 1995 .

[18]  K. Irwin,et al.  Current distribution and transition width in superconducting transition-edge sensors , 2012, 1212.3537.

[19]  G. Hilton,et al.  Superconducting calorimetric alpha particle sensors for nuclear nonproliferation applications , 2008 .

[20]  Dietmar Drung,et al.  High-Tc and low-Tc dc SQUID electronics , 2003 .

[21]  I. Maasilta,et al.  Complex impedance, responsivity and noise of transition-edge sensors: Analytical solutions for two- and three-block thermal models , 2012, 1205.5693.

[22]  G. Hilton,et al.  HOLMES: The electron capture decay of 163Ho to measure the electron neutrino mass with sub-eV sensitivity , 2014, 1412.5060.

[23]  D. Martin,et al.  Microscopic Model of a Transition Edge Sensor as a Weak Link , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[24]  V. Burwitz,et al.  Helium-like triplet density diagnostics - Applications to CHANDRA-LETGS X-ray observations of Capella and Procyon , 2000, astro-ph/0012223.

[25]  G. Hilton,et al.  Progress Towards Arrays of Microcalorimeter X-Ray Detectors , 2001, Microscopy and Microanalysis.

[26]  W. B. Doriese,et al.  High-Resolution Kaonic-Atom X-ray Spectroscopy with Transition-Edge-Sensor Microcalorimeters , 2014, 1401.8039.

[27]  A. Kadin,et al.  Magnetic field dependence of relaxation times in nonequilibrium superconductors , 1978 .

[28]  H. Leduc,et al.  A broadband superconducting detector suitable for use in large arrays , 2003, Nature.

[29]  H. R. O'Neal,et al.  LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT CAPCITIES OF INDIUM AND TIN. , 1964 .

[30]  W. B. Doriese,et al.  Transition-Edge Sensor Microcalorimeters for X-ray Beamline Science , 2014 .

[31]  S. R. Bandler,et al.  Characterizing the Superconducting-to-Normal Transition in Mo/Au Transition-Edge Sensor Bilayers , 2008 .

[32]  Jonas Zmuidzinas,et al.  Superconducting Microresonators: Physics and Applications , 2012 .

[33]  E. Bezuglyi,et al.  Phase diagram of a current-carrying superconducting film in absence of the magnetic field , 2010, 1012.1779.

[34]  S. Moseley,et al.  Thermal detectors as X-ray spectrometers , 1984 .

[35]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  Single superconducting quantum interference device multiplexer for arrays of low-temperature sensors , 2001 .

[36]  Michael Tinkham,et al.  Introduction to Superconductivity , 1975 .

[37]  Ryuichi Fujimoto,et al.  Design and performance of the ASTRO-E/XRS signal processing system , 1999, Optics & Photonics.

[38]  Jörn Beyer,et al.  Code-division multiplexing of superconducting transition-edge sensor arrays , 2010 .

[39]  C. Otani,et al.  High Energy Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Using Transition-Edge Sensor With a Superconducting Bulk Tantalum Absorber , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[40]  Gerco Onderwater,et al.  AIP Conf. Proc. , 2009 .

[41]  Edward R. Siciliano,et al.  Naturally occurring radioactive materials in cargo at US borders , 2006 .

[42]  Simon R. Bandler,et al.  Characterization of Mo/Au Transition-Edge Sensors with Different Geometric Configurations , 2014 .

[43]  Mark A. Lindeman,et al.  Microcalorimetry and the transition-edge sensor , 2000 .

[44]  Flavio Gatti,et al.  Further results on μ-calorimeters with superconducting absorber , 1993 .

[45]  D. T. Vo,et al.  14-pixel, multiplexed array of gamma-ray microcalorimeters with 47 eV energy resolution at 103 keV , 2007 .

[46]  M. Beasley,et al.  Phase-slip centers and nonequilibrium processes in superconducting tin microbridges , 1974 .

[47]  Jörn Beyer,et al.  Low-Noise Readout of TES Detectors with Baseband Feedback Frequency Domain Multiplexing , 2012 .

[48]  Samuel Harvey Moseley,et al.  Signal processing for microcalorimeters , 1993 .

[49]  L. Lolli,et al.  Impedance measurements for photon number resolving Transition-Edge Sensors , 2012 .

[50]  Troy W. Barbee,et al.  Gamma-ray spectrometers using a bulk Sn absorber coupled to a Mo/Cu multilayer superconducting transition edge sensor , 1999 .

[51]  D. Barret,et al.  Requirements for the detectors and read-out of ATHENA X-IFU , 2014, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation.

[52]  K. Irwin,et al.  Superconducting multiplexer for arrays of transition edge sensors , 1999 .

[53]  Bradley K. Alpert,et al.  Predicted Energy Resolution of a Running-Sum Algorithm for Microcalorimeters , 2012 .

[54]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  Frequency multiplexed superconducting quantum interference device readout of large bolometer arrays for cosmic microwave background measurements. , 2011, The Review of scientific instruments.

[55]  R. Horansky,et al.  A Two-Fluid Model for the Transition Shape in Transition-Edge Sensors , 2012 .

[56]  Arthur B. C. Walker,et al.  Optimal filter analysis of energy-dependent pulse shapes and its application to TES detectors , 2000 .

[57]  B. Deaver,et al.  Superconducting weak links formed by ion implantation , 1975 .

[58]  Piet A. J. de Korte,et al.  SQUID-based readout schemes for microcalorimeter arrays , 2002 .

[60]  P. Richards,et al.  Two-stage magnetic refrigerator for astronomical applications with reservoir temperatures above 4 K , 1993 .

[61]  Peter A. R. Ade,et al.  SCUBA-2: a large-format submillimeter camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope , 2003, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[62]  Yoshitaka Ishisaki,et al.  EURECA: a European-Japanese micro-calorimeter array , 2006, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[63]  W. Hennig,et al.  A Digital Signal Processing Module for Time-Division Multiplexed Microcalorimeter Arrays , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[64]  L. Vale,et al.  256-pixel microcalorimeter array for high-resolution γ-ray spectroscopy of mixed-actinide materials , 2015 .

[65]  W. Baun,et al.  Effect of Chemical Combination on the Soft X‐Ray K Emission Bands of Nitrogen and Carbon , 1965 .

[66]  Andrew S. Hoover,et al.  Uncertainty of Plutonium Isotopic Measurements with Microcalorimeter and High-Purity Germanium Detectors , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[67]  G. C. Hilton,et al.  Code-division multiplexing for x-ray microcalorimeters , 2012, 1201.6289.

[68]  Simon R. Bandler,et al.  High Count-Rate Studies of Small-Pitch Transition-Edge Sensor X-ray Microcalorimeters , 2014 .

[69]  E. Bissonnette,et al.  Digital Frequency Domain Multiplexer for Millimeter-Wavelength Telescopes , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[70]  K. D. Irwin,et al.  Update on the Micro-X Sounding Rocket payload , 2012, Other Conferences.

[71]  Kent D. Irwin,et al.  Microwave SQUID multiplexer , 2004 .

[72]  A. Tomada,et al.  Nonlinear optimal filter technique for analyzing energy depositions in TES sensors driven into saturation , 2014, 1406.7030.

[73]  Zehnder.  Response of superconductive films to localized energy deposition. , 1995, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[74]  M. Dobbs,et al.  Digital Frequency Domain Multiplexer for mm-Wavelength Telescopes , 2007, 2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference.

[75]  S. R. Bandler,et al.  Advances in Small Pixel TES-Based X-Ray Microcalorimeter Arrays for Solar Physics and Astrophysics , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[76]  M. C. Runyan,et al.  Effect of Mo/Cu Superconducting Bilayer Geometry on Ultra-Sensitive Transition-Edge Sensor Performance , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[77]  John A. B. Mates,et al.  The Microwave SQUID Multiplexer , 2011 .

[78]  C. Heiden,et al.  A two-stage pulse tube cooler operating below 4 K , 1997 .

[79]  Guang-Can Guo,et al.  Device Modeling of Superconductor Transition-Edge Sensors Based on the Two-Fluid Theory , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[80]  J. Höhne,et al.  The Microcalorimeter for Industrial Applications , 2002, Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

[81]  Graeme Smecher,et al.  Improved performance of TES bolometers using digital feedback , 2012, Other Conferences.

[82]  Jörn Beyer,et al.  Code-division SQUID multiplexing , 2010 .

[83]  Samuel Harvey Moseley,et al.  Optimal Energy Measurement in Nonlinear Systems: An Application of Differential Geometry , 2014 .

[84]  P. Verhoeve,et al.  Imaging soft x-ray spectrometers based on superconducting tunnel junctions , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[85]  Marcel Bruijn,et al.  Weak-Link Phenomena in AC-Biased Transition Edge Sensors , 2014, 1604.00680.

[86]  Simon R. Bandler,et al.  Laboratory Astrophysics Survey of Key X-Ray Diagnostic Lines Using A Microcalorimeter on an Electron Beam Ion Trap , 2000 .

[87]  H. Hoevers,et al.  Single Pixel Characterization of X-Ray TES Microcalorimeter Under AC Bias at MHz Frequencies , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[88]  L. L. Dulcie,et al.  Microcalorimeter EDS Measurement of Chemical Shifts in Fe Compounds | NIST , 1998 .

[89]  I. F. Quercia.  Physics and applications of the Josephson effect , 1984 .

[90]  Jörn Beyer,et al.  A SQUID multiplexer with superconducting-to-normalconducting switches , 2008 .

[91]  Anthony J. Peacock,et al.  Quasiparticle-phonon downconversion in nonequilibrium superconductors , 2000 .

[92]  W. B. Doriese,et al.  High-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy with transition-edge sensors: present performance and future potential. , 2015, Journal of synchrotron radiation.

[93]  F. Peeters,et al.  Finite-size effect on the resistive state in a mesoscopic type-II superconducting stripe , 2009 .

[94]  T. E. Sampson,et al.  FRAM: A versatile code for analyzing the isotopic composition of plutonium from gamma-ray pulse height spectra , 1989 .

[95]  B. Alpert,et al.  A high resolution gamma-ray spectrometer based on superconducting microcalorimeters. , 2012, The Review of scientific instruments.

[96]  Simon R. Bandler,et al.  Close-packed Arrays of Transition-edge X-ray Microcalorimeters with High Spectral Resolution at 5.9 keV , 2008 .

[97]  G. J. Sellers,et al.  Anomalous heat capacities of niobium and tantalum below 1 K , 1974 .

[98]  G. Schön,et al.  Linearized kinetic equations and relaxation processes of a superconductor near Tc , 1975 .

[99]  I. V. Zolochevskiĭ,et al.  Resistive current states in wide superconducting films in zero magnetic field , 2006 .

[100]  S. Smith,et al.  Longitudinal proximity effects in superconducting transition-edge sensors. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[101]  Mauro Serpelloni,et al.  Kinetic and thermal energy harvesters for implantable medical devices and biomedical autonomous sensors , 2013 .

[102]  W. B. Doriese,et al.  Array-compatible transition-edge sensor microcalorimeter γ-ray detector with 42eV energy resolution at 103keV , 2006 .

[103]  Ryuichi Fujimoto,et al.  The high-resolution x-ray microcalorimeter spectrometer system for the SXS on ASTRO-H , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[104]  Simon Bandler,et al.  The transition-edge EBIT microcalorimeter spectrometer , 2014, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation.

[105]  V. Kotsubo,et al.  Observation of Bias-Specific Telegraph Noise in Large Transition-Edge Sensors , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[106]  Y.,et al.  The detector subsystem for the SXS instrument on the Astro-H observatory , 2010 .

[107]  David Grove,et al.  Blocking filters with enhanced throughput for x-ray microcalorimetry , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[108]  Kent D. Irwin,et al.  A TDMA Hybrid SQUID Multiplexer , 2008 .

[109]  H. Hoevers,et al.  Analysis of Impedance and Noise Data of an X-Ray Transition-Edge Sensor Using Complex Thermal Models , 2011, 1112.0400.

[110]  M. Bargheer,et al.  Femtosecond hard X-ray plasma sources with a kilohertz repetition rate , 2009 .

[112]  Kent D. Irwin,et al.  Optimal filtering, record length, and count rate in transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeters , 2009 .

[113]  Kent D. Irwin,et al.  Dependence of Excess Noise on the Partial Derivatives of Resistance in Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors , 2009 .

[114]  M. Kiviranta,et al.  Operation of transition edge sensors in a resistance locked loop , 2012, 1211.5647.

[115]  G. C. Hilton,et al.  Advanced Code-Division Multiplexers for Superconducting Detector Arrays , 2011, 1110.1608.

[116]  C. Enss,et al.  Microwave SQUID Multiplexer for the Readout of Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters , 2014 .

[117]  D. T. Vo,et al.  Determination of Plutonium Isotopic Content by Microcalorimeter Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[118]  Kent D. Irwin,et al.  Demonstration of a multiplexer of dissipationless superconducting quantum interference devices , 2008 .

[119]  K. Shirae,et al.  Multichannel DC SQUID System , 1989 .

[120]  Christian Enss,et al.  Cryogenic particle detection , 2005 .

[121]  W. B. Doriese,et al.  Large-Area Microcalorimeter Detectors for Ultra-High-Resolution X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[122]  Yoshitaka Ishisaki,et al.  EURECA: a European-Japanese microcalorimeter array , 2006, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[123]  Simon R. Bandler,et al.  Small Pitch Transition-Edge Sensors with Broadband High Spectral Resolution for Solar Physics , 2012 .

[124]  G. Hilton,et al.  A Mo–Cu superconducting transition-edge microcalorimeter with 4.5 eV energy resolution at 6 keV ☆ , 2000 .

[125]  B. Alpert,et al.  Note: Operation of gamma-ray microcalorimeters at elevated count rates using filters with constraints. , 2013, The Review of scientific instruments.

[126]  M. Tinkham.  The interaction of phase-slip centers in superconducting filaments , 1979 .

[127]  M. Krause,et al.  Natural widths of atomic K and L levels, Kα X‐ray lines and several KLL Auger lines , 1979 .

[128]  W. B. Doriese,et al.  Microcalorimeter arrays for ultra-high energy resolution X- and gamma-ray detection , 2009 .

[129]  L. Vale,et al.  An analytical model for pulse shape and electrothermal stability in two-body transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters , 2010 .

[130]  M. Yu. Kupriyanov,et al.  The current-phase relation in Josephson junctions , 2004 .

[131]  K. Irwin,et al.  Evaluation of a Microwave SQUID Multiplexer Prototype , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[132]  D. Becker.  Submillimeter video imaging with a superconducting bolometer array , 2014 .

[133]  Practical X-ray Spectrometry with Second-Generation Microcalorimeter Detectors , 2012, Microscopy Today.

[134]  M. Hidaka,et al.  Microwave SQUID Multiplexer for TES Readout , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[135]  S M Kahn,et al.  Laboratory Simulation of Charge Exchange-Produced X-ray Emission from Comets , 2003, Science.

[136]  K. Irwin,et al.  Magnetically Coupled Microcalorimeters , 2012 .

[137]  John M. Martinis,et al.  Thermal-response time of superconducting transition-edge microcalorimeters , 1998 .

[138]  Kent D. Irwin,et al.  Characterization and reduction of unexplained noise in superconducting transition-edge sensors , 2004 .

[139]  Simon R. Bandler,et al.  Proximity effects and nonequilibrium superconductivity in transition-edge sensors , 2011, 1108.4632.

[140]  S. Kim,et al.  Cryogenic measurement of alpha decay in a 4π absorber , 2010 .

[141]  Kent D. Irwin,et al.  Optimized transition-edge x-ray microcalorimeter with 2.4eV energy resolution at 5.9keV , 2005 .

[142]  A. Zaikin,et al.  Theory of wide dirty SNS junctions , 1981 .

[143]  T. Papp.  On the response function of solid‐state detectors, based on energetic electron transport processes , 2003 .

[144]  R. Geer,et al.  High-resolution energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopic analysis of ultrathin ion diffusion barriers using microcalorimetry , 2002 .

[145]  E. Kessler,et al.  X-ray transition energies: new approach to a comprehensive evaluation , 2003 .

[146]  F. M. Nortier,et al.  Evaluation of 163Ho production options for neutrino mass measurements with microcalorimeter detectors , 2013 .

[147]  K. Blaum,et al.  The Electron Capture in $^{163}$Ho experiment - ECHo , 2013, Proceedings of The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics — PoS(EPS-HEP2021).

[148]  Britt Reichborn-Kjennerud,et al.  The performance of the bolometer array and readout system during the 2012/2013 flight of the E and B experiment (EBEX) , 2014, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation.

[149]  W. B. Doriese,et al.  Robust infrared filters for X-ray spectroscopy☆ , 2004 .

[150]  A. Barone,et al.  Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect , 1982 .

[151]  Fiona A. Harrison,et al.  Position sensitive x-ray spectrophotometer using microwave kinetic inductance detectors , 2006 .

[152]  L. Lolli,et al.  Reduced Active Area in Transition-Edge Sensors for Visible-NIR Photon Detection: A Comparison of Experimental Data and Two-Fluid Model , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[153]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  Optimization of cold resonant filters for frequency domain multiplexed readout of POLARBEAR-2 , 2014, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation.

[154]  S. V. Titov,et al.  Smoluchowski equation approach for quantum Brownian motion in a tilted periodic potential. , 2008, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[155]  J. Beeman,et al.  Optimization of a bolometric neutron detector , 2002 .

[156]  Edward J. Wollack,et al.  Optical Efficiency and R(T,I) Measurements of ACTPol TESes Using Time Domain Multiplexing Electronics , 2014 .

[157]  M. Tsujimoto,et al.  The Digital Processing System for the Soft X-Ray Spectrometer Onboard ASTRO-H —The Design and the Performance— , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[158]  John M. Martinis,et al.  Superconducting transition-edge-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer with 2eV energy resolution at 1.5keV , 2000 .

[159]  Shuichi Nagasawa,et al.  White noise of Nb-based microwave superconducting quantum interference device multiplexers with NbN coplanar resonators for readout of transition edge sensors , 2014 .

[160]  J. Walsh.  A Closed Set of Normal Orthogonal Functions , 1923 .

[161]  J. Harris,et al.  Nearest-neighbor configuration in (GaIn)(NAs) probed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[162]  Vinay Ambegaokar,et al.  VOLTAGE DUE TO THERMAL NOISE IN THE dc JOSEPHSON EFFECT. , 1969 .

[163]  J. Ullom,et al.  Phase-slip lines as a resistance mechanism in transition-edge sensors , 2014 .

[164]  A. Taborda,et al.  Radiative auger emission satellites observed by microcalorimeter-based energy-dispersive high-resolution PIXE , 2011 .

[165]  Kent D. Irwin,et al.  Transition-Edge Sensors , 2005 .

[166]  S. Terracol,et al.  The Astro-E2 X-ray spectrometer/EBIT microcalorimeter x-ray spectrometer , 2004 .

[167]  G. Knoll.  Radiation detection and measurement , 1979 .

[168]  Chiko Otani,et al.  Gamma-Ray Spectrometer based on a Transition Edge Sensor for Nuclear Materials Analysis , 2014 .

[169]  N. Jethava,et al.  Improved Isotopic Analysis With a Large Array of Gamma-Ray Microcalorimeters , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[170]  J. Ullom,et al.  Quantitative analysis with the transition edge sensor microcalorimeter X-ray detector , 2007, Powder Diffraction.

[171]  M. Kupriyanov,et al.  Influence of the proximity effect in the electrodes on the stationary properties of S--N--S Josephson structures , 1982 .

[172]  Jonas Zmuidzinas,et al.  Noise properties of superconducting coplanar waveguide microwave resonators , 2006, cond-mat/0609614.

[173]  Joseph W. Fowler,et al.  High-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy with a microwave-multiplexed transition-edge sensor array , 2013, 1310.7287.

[174]  K. Irwin.  An application of electrothermal feedback for high resolution cryogenic particle detection , 1995 .

[175]  Troy W. Barbee,et al.  High-resolution gamma-ray spectrometers using bulk absorbers coupled to Mo/Cu multilayer superconducting transition-edge sensors , 2000, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[176]  Kai Siegbahn,et al.  Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3rd Edition, by Glenn Knoll; Wiley, New York, 2000; Price (hardcover), US$ 98.95; ISBN: 0-471-07338-5 , 2000 .

[177]  Simon R. Bandler,et al.  Uniformity of Kilo-Pixel Arrays of Transition-Edge Sensors for X-ray Astronomy , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[178]  G. Kunde,et al.  Measurement of the 240Pu/239Pu mass ratio using a transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeter for total decay energy spectroscopy. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[179]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  High-resolution operation of frequency-multiplexed transition-edge photon sensors , 2002 .

[180]  D. McCammon,et al.  The X-ray Quantum Calorimeter Sounding Rocket Experiment: Improvements for the Next Flight , 2008 .

[181]  Simon R. Bandler,et al.  Implications of weak-link behavior on the performance of Mo/Au bilayer transition-edge sensors , 2013 .

[182]  A. Collura,et al.  Spectral broadening by incomplete thermalization of the energy in , 2004 .

[183]  G. Hilton,et al.  Optimization and Analysis of Code-Division Multiplexed TES Microcalorimeters , 2011, 1110.2531.

[184]  W. B. Doriese,et al.  Table-top ultrafast x-ray microcalorimeter spectrometry for molecular structure. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[185]  B Nordfors.  A Note on the Al Kα3 α4 Lines in Metal and Oxide , 1955 .

[186]  Andrew S. Hoover,et al.  Integration of TES Microcalorimeters With Microwave SQUID Multiplexed Readout , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[187]  John M. Martinis,et al.  High‐resolution, energy‐dispersive microcalorimeter spectrometer for X‐ray microanalysis , 1997 .

[188]  W. B. Doriese,et al.  Transition-Edge Sensors for Particle Induced X-ray Emission Measurements , 2013, 1310.1733.

[190]  Simon R. Bandler,et al.  NTD germanium-based microcalorimeters for hard x-ray spectroscopy , 2000, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[191]  Boris S. Karasik,et al.  Novel multiplexing technique for detector and mixer arrays , 2001 .

[192]  J. Lambe,et al.  Macroscopic quantum interference in superconductors , 1965 .

[193]  Joel N. Ullom,et al.  Identification and elimination of anomalous thermal decay in gamma-ray microcalorimeters , 2013 .

[194]  J. Carlstrom,et al.  Mo/Au Bilayer Superconducting Transition Edge Sensor Tuning With Surface Modification Structures , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[195]  K. Blaum,et al.  The Electron Capture $$^{163}$$163Ho Experiment ECHo , 2013, 1309.5214.