Fabrication of Paper‐Templated Structures of Noble Metals

This manuscript describes a simple and rapid method for fabricating free-standing structures composed primarily (>94% w/w, and 55–80 at%) of noble metals (e.g., gold, silver, platinum, etc.) and having physical morphologies that resemble paper, thread, or fabric. In this method, templates (i.e., pieces of paper, or cotton fabric) are loaded with aqueous solutions of salts of noble metals, and then the cellulosic component is burned off in a furnace held at high temperatures (i.e., from 550 °C to 800 °C, depending on the procedure, in air). Even though the environment in a furnace is ostensibly oxidizing (e.g., hot air), the metal ions are reduced to elemental metal and form paper-templated or fabric-templated structures that have morphologies similar to that of the material from which they were derived (i.e., paper or fabric). Paper-templated structures are fibrous, permeable to gases and liquides, electrically conductive, and in some cases (e.g., paper-templated gold and paper-templated platinum structures), their surfaces are electroactive. The surface areas of paper-templated structures are more than 20 times higher than their projected areas. Paper-templated structures thus have properties that make them potentially useful in catalysis, sensing, and electroanalysis.

[1]  Zongping Shao,et al.  From Paper to Paper-like Hierarchical Anatase TiO2 Film Electrode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2012 .

[2]  C. F. Cullis,et al.  The combustion of cellulose under conditions of rapid heating , 1983 .

[3]  T. Reed,et al.  Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds: An Atlas of Charts for High-Temperature Chemical Calculations , 1971 .

[4]  V. Sahajwalla,et al.  The evolution of structural order, microstructure and mineral matter of metallurgical coke in a blast furnace: A review , 2014 .

[5]  S. Gu,et al.  The mechanism for thermal decomposition of cellulose and its main products. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[6]  Orlin D. Velev,et al.  Structured porous materials via colloidal crystal templating: from inorganic oxides to metals , 2000 .

[7]  T. Kunitake,et al.  Porous and nonporous Ag nanostructures fabricated using cellulose fiber as a template. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[8]  J. Erlebacher,et al.  Nanoporous metals with controlled multimodal pore size distribution. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[9]  Chang Ming Li,et al.  Nanostructured catalysts in fuel cells , 2011 .

[10]  Younan Xia,et al.  Metal Nanostructures with Hollow Interiors , 2003 .

[11]  Junhui He,et al.  Facile In-Situ Synthesis of Manganese Dioxide Nanosheets on Cellulose Fibers and their Application in Oxidative Decomposition of Formaldehyde , 2011 .

[12]  Li,et al.  Ductile-brittle transition in random porous Au. , 1992, Physical review letters.

[13]  Lixia Yuan,et al.  Morphosynthesis of a hierarchical MoO2 nanoarchitecture as a binder-free anode for lithium-ion batteries , 2011 .

[14]  Ho Yeon Son,et al.  Bioinspired templating synthesis of metal-polymer hybrid nanostructures within 3D electrospun nanofibers. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[15]  M. T. Fernández-Abedul,et al.  Electrochemical characterization of different screen-printed gold electrodes , 2008 .

[16]  Tomás E. Benavidez,et al.  Development and Characterization of Carbon Based Electrodes from Pyrolyzed Paper for Biosensing Applications. , 2016, Journal of electroanalytical chemistry.

[17]  Claudio Parolo,et al.  Paper-based electroanalytical devices with an integrated, stable reference electrode. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[18]  Hui Xu,et al.  Preparation of ultrathin free-standing porous metal films. , 2005, Small.

[19]  M. D. Rooij,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 2003 .

[20]  A. Lu,et al.  High surface area, mesoporous, glassy alumina with a controllable pore size by nanocasting from carbon aerogels. , 2005, Chemistry.

[21]  Ping Liu,et al.  Template Synthesis of Hollow Metal Oxide Fibers with Hierarchical Architecture , 2006 .

[22]  A. Karma,et al.  Evolution of nanoporosity in dealloying , 2001, Nature.

[23]  T. Kunitake,et al.  Nano-precision replication of natural cellulosic substances by metal oxides. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[24]  O. N. Shornikova,et al.  The specific surface area and porous structure of graphite materials , 2009 .

[25]  Shusheng Zhang,et al.  Electrochemical DNA biosensor based on nanoporous gold electrode and multifunctional encoded DNA-Au bio bar codes. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  O. Velev,et al.  Materials: A class of porous metallic nanostructures , 1999, Nature.

[27]  J. Havel,et al.  Laser ablation synthesis of new gold carbides. From gold-diamond nano-composite as a precursor to gold-doped diamonds. Time-of-flight mass spectrometric study. , 2014, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[28]  Chang Ming Li,et al.  Nanoporous metals: fabrication strategies and advanced electrochemical applications in catalysis, sensing and energy systems. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[29]  George M Whitesides,et al.  Inkjet Printing of Conductive Inks with High Lateral Resolution on Omniphobic “RF Paper” for Paper‐Based Electronics and MEMS , 2014, Advanced materials.

[30]  D. Mckee,et al.  Thermal decomposition of rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium chlorides , 1968 .

[31]  Yih Horng Tan,et al.  Surface area and pore size characteristics of nanoporous gold subjected to thermal, mechanical, or surface modification studied using gas adsorption isotherms, cyclic voltammetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. , 2012, Journal of materials chemistry.

[32]  M. Taya,et al.  Electrospun polystyrene fiber-templating ultrafine gold hollow fiber production , 2013, Gold Bulletin.

[33]  R. Compton,et al.  The use of nanoparticles in electroanalysis: a review , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[34]  M. Krunks,et al.  Thermal decomposition study of HAuCl4·3H2O and AgNO3 as precursors for plasmonic metal nanoparticles , 2014, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.

[35]  Younan Xia,et al.  Template-Engaged Replacement Reaction: A One-Step Approach to the Large-Scale Synthesis of Metal Nanostructures with Hollow Interiors , 2002 .

[36]  Jonah Erlebacher,et al.  Nanoporous Gold Leaf: “Ancient Technology”/Advanced Material , 2004 .

[37]  Alex Nemiroski,et al.  Universal mobile electrochemical detector designed for use in resource-limited applications , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[38]  Willem L. Vos,et al.  Electrochemical assembly of ordered macropores in gold , 2000 .

[39]  R. Rosenfeld.  Nature , 2009, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[40]  Vicki L. Colvin,et al.  Porous Metals from Colloidal Templates , 2000 .

[41]  Jane F. Bertone,et al.  Preparation of Macroporous Metal Films from Colloidal Crystals , 1999 .

[42]  P. W. Bridgman.  The Electrical Resistance of Metals. , 1921 .

[43]  R. Compton,et al.  Cyclic voltammetry on electrode surfaces covered with porous layers: An analysis of electron transfer kinetics at single-walled carbon nanotube modified electrodes , 2008 .

[44]  Ordered porous thin films in electrochemical analysis , 2008 .

[45]  J. Greenwood.  Constriction resistance and the real area of contact , 1966 .

[46]  G. Somorjai,et al.  High-surface-area catalyst design: Synthesis, characterization, and reaction studies of platinum nanoparticles in mesoporous SBA-15 silica. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.