Contamination Profiles of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Groundwater in the Alluvial–Pluvial Plain of Hutuo River, China

Over the past decade, concerns about perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have increased rapidly among the scientific community due to their global distribution and persistence in various environmental matrices. The occurrences of 10 PFAS in groundwater in the alluvial-pluvial plain of Hutuo River (APPHR) in the North China Plain (NCP) were analyzed via UPLC-MS/MS and solid phase extraction. Total PFAS concentrations ranged from 0.56 ng/L to 13.34 ng/L, with an average value of 2.35 ng/L. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were dominant PFAS contaminants with high detection rates of 98.39% and 95.16%, respectively, and PFOA was the main pollutant with a mean concentration of 0.65 ng/L. The hydrogeological conditions have an important influence on the concentrations of PFAS in groundwater. Comparatively, the concentration of PFAS in groundwater in the study area is not very high, but it reflects that the groundwater in this region is affected by industrial sources to some extent. Local government should pay more attention on industrial pollution control and groundwater protection in this area.

[1]  S. Tao,et al.  Relationship between perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate blood concentrations in the general population and routine drinking water exposure. , 2019, Environment international.

[2]  J. E. Simmons,et al.  Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in source and treated drinking waters of the United States , 2018, The Science of the total environment.

[3]  Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls: Draft for Public Comment , 2018 .

[4]  Liang Tang,et al.  Perfluorinated compounds in surface waters of Shanghai, China: Source analysis and risk assessment. , 2018, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[5]  S. Sauvé,et al.  Worldwide drinking water occurrence and levels of newly-identified perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. , 2018, The Science of the total environment.

[6]  E. Testai,et al.  Biomonitoring of perfluorinated compounds in adults exposed to contaminated drinking water in the Veneto Region, Italy. , 2018, Environment international.

[7]  F. Lestremau,et al.  Occurrence survey and spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl surfactants in groundwater, surface water, and sediments from tropical environments. , 2017, The Science of the total environment.

[8]  C. Rosin,et al.  Concentrations and patterns of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a river and three drinking water treatment plants near and far from a major production source. , 2017, The Science of the total environment.

[9]  T. K. Jensen,et al.  Association between prenatal exposure to perfluorinated compounds and symptoms of infections at age 1-4years among 359 children in the Odense Child Cohort. , 2016, Environment international.

[10]  Y. Mu,et al.  NO and N2O emissions from agricultural fields in the North China Plain: Origination and mitigation. , 2016, The Science of the total environment.

[11]  J. Olsen,et al.  Time trends of perfluorinated alkyl acids in serum from Danish pregnant women 2008-2013. , 2016, Environment international.

[12]  Z. Rao,et al.  Perfluorinated compounds in soil, surface water, and groundwater from rural areas in eastern China. , 2016, Environmental pollution.

[13]  Honghan Chen,et al.  Investigation of quality and pollution characteristics of groundwater in the Hutuo River Alluvial Plain, North China Plain , 2016, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[14]  S. Boontanon,et al.  Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) contamination from textiles , 2016, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[15]  Z. Xingru,et al.  Pollution Levels and Risk Assessment of BHT and TEP in Groundwater in Alluvial-Pluvial Fan of Hutuo River,Shijiazhuang City , 2016 .

[16]  Shouye Yang,et al.  Geochemical signature of pore water from core samples and its implications on the origin of saline pore water in Cangzhou, North China Plain , 2015 .

[17]  J. Gulliver,et al.  Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in soils and groundwater of a U.S. metropolitan area: migration and implications for human exposure. , 2015, Water research.

[18]  B. Abou Zakhem,et al.  Hydrochemical, isotopic and statistical characteristics of groundwater nitrate pollution in Damascus Oasis (Syria) , 2015, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[19]  Nicolle S. Tulve,et al.  Serum concentrations of perfluorinated compounds (PFC) among selected populations of children and adults in California. , 2015, Environmental research.

[20]  Zhibo Lu,et al.  Occurrence and trends in concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface waters of eastern China. , 2015, Chemosphere.

[21]  A. Olsen,et al.  Perfluorinated compounds in fish from U.S. urban rivers and the Great Lakes. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[22]  P. Grandjean,et al.  Changing Interpretation of Human Health Risks from Perfluorinated Compounds , 2014, Public health reports.

[23]  Bing Li,et al.  Distribution and primary source analysis of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances with different chain lengths in surface and groundwater in two cities, North China. , 2014, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[24]  S. Klitzke,et al.  Transport of perfluoroalkyl acids in a water-saturated sediment column investigated under near-natural conditions. , 2014, Environmental pollution.

[25]  Ruthann A Rudel,et al.  Pharmaceuticals, perfluorosurfactants, and other organic wastewater compounds in public drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[26]  J. Baker,et al.  Perfluorinated compounds in the surface waters of Puget Sound, Washington and Clayoquot and Barkley Sounds, British Columbia. , 2014, Marine pollution bulletin.

[27]  A. Kondo,et al.  Discharge of perfluorinated compounds from rivers and their influence on the coastal seas of Hyogo prefecture, Japan. , 2014, Environmental pollution.

[28]  Dongxiao Zhang,et al.  Iodine in groundwater of the North China Plain: Spatial patterns and hydrogeochemical processes of enrichment , 2013 .

[29]  Huaming Guo,et al.  Groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and processes along flow paths in the North China Plain , 2013 .

[30]  T. Nakano,et al.  Perfluorinated compounds in sediment samples from the wastewater canal of Pančevo (Serbia) industrial area. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[31]  Kuen-Yuh Wu,et al.  River water contaminated with perfluorinated compounds potentially posing the greatest risk to young children. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[32]  Lixia Zhao,et al.  Distribution and desorption of perfluorinated compounds in fractionated sediments. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[33]  J. Giesy,et al.  Perfluorinated compounds in surface waters from Northern China: comparison to level of industrialization. , 2012, Environment international.

[34]  J. Domingo,et al.  Health risks of dietary exposure to perfluorinated compounds. , 2012, Environment international.

[35]  A. Covaci,et al.  First assessment of population exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Flanders, Belgium. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[36]  Feng’e Zhang,et al.  Assessment of deep groundwater over-exploitation in the North China Plain , 2011 .

[37]  Michael Wilhelm,et al.  Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in drinking water of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and new approach to assess drinking water contamination by shorter-chained C4-C7 PFCs. , 2010, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

[38]  J. Louis,et al.  Occurrence and potential significance of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) detected in New Jersey public drinking water systems. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[39]  J. Cravedi,et al.  SCIENTIFIC OPINION Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed 1 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain , 2009 .

[40]  Hideshige Takada,et al.  Evaluation of wastewater and street runoff as sources of perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs). , 2009, Chemosphere.

[41]  C. Criddle,et al.  Quantitative determination of perfluorochemicals in sediments and domestic sludge. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[42]  N Yamashita,et al.  Perfluorinated compounds in coastal waters of Hong Kong, South China, and Korea. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[43]  Bioassay of o-anisidine hydrochloride for possible carcinogenicity. , 1978, National Cancer Institute carcinogenesis technical report series.