Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People . Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.

The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) developed a practical clinical definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for age-related sarcopenia. EWGSOP included representatives from four participant organisations, i.e. the European Geriatric Medicine Society, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics-European Region and the International Association of Nutrition and Aging. These organisations endorsed the findings in the final document. The group met and addressed the following questions, using the medical literature to build evidence-based answers: (i) What is sarcopenia? (ii) What parameters define sarcopenia? (iii) What variables reflect these parameters, and what measurement tools and cut-off points can be used? (iv) How does sarcopenia relate to cachexia, frailty and sarcopenic obesity? For the diagnosis of sarcopenia, EWGSOP recommends using the presence of both low muscle mass + low muscle function (strength or performance). EWGSOP variously applies these characteristics to further define conceptual stages as [...] Abstract The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) developed a practical clinical de fi nition and consensus diagnostic criteria for age-related sarcopenia. EWGSOP included representatives from four participant organisations, i.e. the European Geriatric Medicine Society, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics — European Region and the International Association of Nutrition and Aging. These organisations endorsed the fi ndings in the fi nal document. The group met and addressed the following questions, using the medical literature to build evidence-based answers: (i) What is sarcopenia? (ii) What parameters de fi ne sarcopenia? (iii) What variables re fl ect these parameters, and what measurement tools and cut-o ff points can be used? (iv) How does sarcopenia relate to cachexia, frailty and sarcopenic obesity? For the diagnosis of sarcopenia, EWGSOP recommends using the presence of both low muscle mass + low muscle function (strength or performance). EWGSOP variously applies these characteristics to further de fi ne conceptual stages as ‘ presarcopenia ’ , ‘ sarcopenia ’ and ‘ severe sarcopenia ’ . EWGSOP reviewed a wide range of tools that can be used to measure the speci fi c variables of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Our paper summarises currently available data de fi ning sarcopenia cut-o ff points by age and gender; suggests an algorithm for sarcopenia case fi nding in older individuals based on measurements of gait speed, grip strength and muscle mass; and presents a list of suggested primary and secondary outcome domains for research. Once an operational de fi nition of sarcopenia is adopted and included in the mainstream of comprehensive geriatric assessment, the next steps are to de fi ne the natural course of sarcopenia and to develop and de fi ne e ff ective treatment.

[1]  Hidenori Arai.  Definition and Diagnosis of Sarcopenia , 2021, The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.

[2]  Kellian Clink,et al.  Ageing and Life‐course , 2013 .

[3]  G. Biolo,et al.  Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics". , 2010, Clinical nutrition.

[4]  J. Michel,et al.  Understanding sarcopenia as a geriatric syndrome , 2010, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[5]  S. Studenski,et al.  What is a meaningful change in physical performance? Findings from a clinical trial in older adults (the LIFE-P study) , 2009, The journal of nutrition, health & aging.

[6]  P. Davenport,et al.  Effect of expiratory muscle strength training on elderly cough function. , 2009, Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.

[7]  S. Anker,et al.  Cachexia and aging: An update based on the fourth international cachexia meeting , 2009, The journal of nutrition, health & aging.

[8]  H. Lochs,et al.  Bioimpedance vector analysis as a measure of muscle function. , 2009, Clinical nutrition.

[9]  S. Rubin,et al.  Added Value of Physical Performance Measures in Predicting Adverse Health‐Related Events: Results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study , 2009, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[10]  M. Sheffield-Moore,et al.  Inflammatory burden and amino acid metabolism in cancer cachexia , 2009, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[11]  P. Ponikowski,et al.  Cachexia: a new definition. , 2008, Clinical nutrition.

[12]  C. Cooper,et al.  The developmental origins of sarcopenia , 2008, The journal of nutrition, health & aging.

[13]  Eling D. de Bruin,et al.  Reproducibility of an Isokinetic Strength-Testing Protocol of the Knee and Ankle in Older Adults , 2008, Gerontology.

[14]  L. Ferrucci,et al.  Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences , 2008, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[15]  Y. Wu,et al.  Prevalence of Sarcopenia Estimated Using a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Prediction Equation in Community‐Dwelling Elderly People in Taiwan , 2008, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[16]  J. E. Morley,et al.  Sarcopenia: Diagnosis and treatment , 2008, The journal of nutrition, health & aging.

[17]  J. E. Morley,et al.  Sarcopenia: Its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives , 2008, The journal of nutrition, health & aging.

[18]  Tony Reiman,et al.  Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. , 2008, The Lancet. Oncology.

[19]  J. Bauer,et al.  Sarcopenia and frailty: A clinician’s controversial point of view , 2008, Experimental Gerontology.

[20]  R. Wolfe,et al.  Role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of aging. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[21]  E. Topinkova,et al.  Aging, Disability and Frailty , 2008, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism.

[22]  S. Studenski,et al.  Functional outcomes for clinical trials in frail older persons: time to be moving. , 2008, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[23]  B. Clark,et al.  Sarcopenia =/= dynapenia. , 2008, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[24]  David R. Thomas,et al.  Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. , 2007, Clinical nutrition.

[25]  Thuy-Tien L. Dam,et al.  Frailty in Older Men: Prevalence, Progression, and Relationship with Mortality , 2007, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[26]  W. Frontera,et al.  Assessment of lower extremity muscle power in functionally-limited elders , 2007, Aging clinical and experimental research.

[27]  Walter R Frontera,et al.  Is stair climb power a clinically relevant measure of leg power impairments in at-risk older adults? , 2007, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[28]  Tamara B Harris,et al.  Alternative Definitions of Sarcopenia, Lower Extremity Performance, and Functional Impairment with Aging in Older Men and Women , 2007, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[29]  Stephanie Studenski,et al.  Geriatric Syndromes: Clinical, Research, and Policy Implications of a Core Geriatric Concept , 2007, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[30]  M. J. Hartman,et al.  RESISTANCE TRAINING IMPROVES METABOLIC ECONOMY DURING FUNCTIONAL TASKS IN OLDER ADULTS , 2007, Journal of strength and conditioning research.

[31]  S. Rubin,et al.  Effects of birth cohort and age on body composition in a sample of community-based elderly. , 2007, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[32]  Avan Aihie Sayer,et al.  Grip strength, body composition, and mortality. , 2007, International journal of epidemiology.

[33]  D. Thompson,et al.  Aging and sarcopenia. , 2007, Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions.

[34]  S. Kritchevsky,et al.  The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. , 2006, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[35]  S. Heymsfield,et al.  Measuring partial body potassium in the arm versus total body potassium. , 2006, Journal of applied physiology.

[36]  S. Studenski,et al.  Meaningful Change and Responsiveness in Common Physical Performance Measures in Older Adults , 2006, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[37]  C. Cooper,et al.  Type 2 diabetes, muscle strength, and impaired physical function: the tip of the iceberg? , 2005, Diabetes care.

[38]  H. Lukaski.  Assessing Muscle Mass , 2005 .

[39]  K. Markides,et al.  Hand grip strength and incident ADL disability in elderly Mexican Americans over a seven-year period , 2004, Aging clinical and experimental research.

[40]  Ronenn Roubenoff,et al.  Anthropometric assessment of 10-y changes in body composition in the elderly. , 2004, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[41]  S. Heymsfield,et al.  Sarcopenia and increased adipose tissue infiltration of muscle in elderly African American women. , 2004, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[42]  R. Ross,et al.  Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. , 2004, American journal of epidemiology.

[43]  Ronenn Roubenoff,et al.  The Healthcare Costs of Sarcopenia in the United States , 2004, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[44]  E. Bassey,et al.  A new method for measuring power output in a single leg extension: feasibility, reliability and validity , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[45]  S. Rubin,et al.  Sarcopenia: Alternative Definitions and Associations with Lower Extremity Function , 2003, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[46]  Luigi Ferrucci,et al.  Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. , 2003, Journal of applied physiology.

[47]  Y. Rolland,et al.  Sarcopenia, Calf Circumference, and Physical Function of Elderly Women: A Cross‐Sectional Study , 2003, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[48]  S. Kritchevsky,et al.  Strength and Muscle Quality in a Well‐Functioning Cohort of Older Adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study , 2003, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[49]  M. O. Olde Rikkert,et al.  Geriatric syndromes: medical misnomer or progress in geriatrics? , 2003, The Netherlands journal of medicine.

[50]  A. Kenny,et al.  Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men and women. , 2002, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[51]  S. Kritchevsky,et al.  Leg Muscle Mass and Composition in Relation to Lower Extremity Performance in Men and Women Aged 70 to 79: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study , 2002, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[52]  Robert Ross,et al.  Low Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia) in Older Persons Is Associated with Functional Impairment and Physical Disability , 2002, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[53]  Suzanne G. Leveille,et al.  The Relationship Between Leg Power and Physical Performance in Mobility‐Limited Older People , 2002, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[54]  C. Pichard,et al.  Fat-free and fat mass percentiles in 5225 healthy subjects aged 15 to 98 years. , 2001, Nutrition.

[55]  A. Newman,et al.  Attenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: The Health ABC Study. , 2001, Journal of applied physiology.

[56]  J. Bean,et al.  Muscle power of the ankle flexors predicts functional performance in community-dwelling older women. , 2001, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[57]  C. Pichard,et al.  Single prediction equation for bioelectrical impedance analysis in adults aged 20--94 years. , 2001, Nutrition.

[58]  L. Fried,et al.  Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. , 2001, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[59]  R. Ross,et al.  Estimation of skeletal muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis. , 2000, Journal of applied physiology.

[60]  M. Brown,et al.  Physical and performance measures for the identification of mild to moderate frailty. , 2000, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[61]  Jeffrey M. Hausdorff,et al.  Association of muscle power with functional status in community-dwelling elderly women. , 2000, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[62]  Suzanne G. Leveille,et al.  Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. , 2000, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[63]  M. Andrade,et al.  Reference values for concentric knee isokinetic strength and power in nonathletic men and women from 20 to 80 years old. , 1999, The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy.

[64]  S. Heymsfield,et al.  Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. , 1998, American journal of epidemiology.

[65]  I. Rosenberg,et al.  Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. , 1997, The Journal of nutrition.

[66]  G E Dallal,et al.  Application of bioelectrical impedance analysis to elderly populations. , 1997, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[67]  E H Wagner,et al.  Evidence for a non-linear relationship between leg strength and gait speed. , 1996, Age and ageing.

[68]  Steven B. Heymsfield,et al.  Bioelectrical impedance analysis in body composition measurement: National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Statement. , 1996, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[69]  L. Ferrucci,et al.  A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. , 1994, Journal of gerontology.

[70]  T. Ellenbecker,et al.  Test-retest reliability of the biodex isokinetic dynamometer. , 1990, The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy.

[71]  H. Chen,et al.  Relationship between respiratory muscle function and age, sex, and other factors. , 1989, Journal of applied physiology.

[72]  I. H. Rosenberg,et al.  Summary comments : Epidemiological and methodological problem in determining nutritional status of older persons , 1989 .

[73]  U S Nayak,et al.  Balance in elderly patients: the "get-up and go" test. , 1986, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[74]  D. Jones,et al.  Human skeletal muscle function: description of tests and normal values. , 1977, Clinical science and molecular medicine.