Porous titanium scaffolds produced by powder metallurgy for biomedical applications

Porous titanium scaffolds are promising materials for biomedical applications such as prosthetic anchors, fillers and bone reconstruction. This study evaluated the bone/titanium interface of scaffolds with interconnected pores prepared by powder metallurgy, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Porous scaffolds and dense samples were implanted in the tibia of rabbits, which were subsequently killed 1, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. Initial bone neoformation was observed one week after implantation. Bone ingrowth in pores and the Ca/P ratio at the interface were remarkably enhanced at 4 and 8 weeks. The results showed that the interconnected pores of the titanium scaffolds promoted bone ingrowth, which increased over time. The powder metallurgy technique thus proved effective in producing porous scaffolds and dense titanium for biomedical applications, allowing for adequate control of pore size and porosity and promoting bone ingrowth.

[1]  H. M. Kim,et al.  Alkali- and heat-treated porous titanium for orthopedic implants. , 2001, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[2]  C. V. van Blitterswijk,et al.  Bone Induction by Implants Coated with Cultured Osteogenic Bone Marrow Cells , 1999, Advances in dental research.

[3]  C. Rivard,et al.  Intgration et apposition osseuses des biomatriaux orthopdiques mtalliques poreux et non poreux , 2005 .

[4]  W E Roberts,et al.  Bone tissue interface. , 1988, Journal of dental education.

[5]  J. Planell,et al.  Mechanical properties of nickel–titanium foams for reconstructive orthopaedics , 2008 .

[6]  L. Brinson,et al.  A bioactive titanium foam scaffold for bone repair. , 2005, Acta biomaterialia.

[7]  Jack E. Lemons,et al.  Quantitative characterization and performance of porous implants for hard tissue applications : a symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee F-4 on Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices, Nashville, TN, 18-19 Nov. 1985 , 1987 .

[8]  L. C. Pereira,et al.  Porous Structure Characterization in Titanium Coating for Surgical Implants , 2002 .

[9]  J. Walter,et al.  Porous titanium foil by tape casting technique , 2006 .

[10]  J. Lane,et al.  Current understanding of osteoconduction in bone regeneration. , 1998, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[11]  G. Garcés,et al.  Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni3Al base alloy reinforced with Cr particles produced by powder metallurgy , 2006 .

[12]  J. Tuukkanen,et al.  Effect of porosity on the osteointegration and bone ingrowth of a weight-bearing nickel-titanium bone graft substitute. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[13]  S D Cook,et al.  In vivo performance of a modified CSTi dental implant coating. , 1998, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[14]  Hans Peter Buchkremer,et al.  High-porosity titanium, stainless steel and superalloy parts , 2000 .

[15]  J. C. Bressiani,et al.  In vivo evaluation of hydroxyapatite foams. , 2002, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[16]  大槻 文悟,et al.  Pore throat size and connectivity determine bone and tissue ingrowth into porous implants : three-dimensional micro-CT based structural analyses of porous bioactive titanium implants , 2007 .

[17]  Mamoru Mabuchi,et al.  Processing of biocompatible porous Ti and Mg , 2001 .

[18]  W. Bonfield,et al.  Quantification of bone ingrowth within bone-derived porous hydroxyapatite implants of varying density , 1999, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[19]  P. Branemark.  Osseointegration and its experimental background. , 1983, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[20]  R. Cameron,et al.  Fabrication of polymeric scaffolds with a controlled distribution of pores , 2005, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[21]  A. R. Boccaccini,et al.  Mechanical properties and bioactivity of porous PLGA/TiO2 nanoparticle-filled composites for tissue engineering scaffolds , 2007 .

[22]  P. Christel,et al.  Quantitation of Bone Ingrowth into Porous Implants Submitted to Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields , 1987 .

[23]  M. Mabuchi,et al.  Processing and mechanical properties of autogenous titanium implant materials , 2002, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[24]  B. Kasemo,et al.  Biomaterial and implant surfaces: a surface science approach. , 1988, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[25]  C. Rivard,et al.  [Bone integration and apposition of porous and non porous metallic orthopaedic biomaterials]. , 2005, Annales de chirurgie.

[26]  L. D. de Vasconcellos,et al.  HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PURE TITANIUM IMPLANTS WITH POROUS SURFACE VERSUS ROUGH SURFACE , 2006, Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB.

[27]  J. Bobyn,et al.  Histological Comparison of Biological Fixation and Bone Modeling with Canine and Human Porous-Coated Hip Prostheses , 1987 .

[28]  Abhay Pandit,et al.  Fabrication methods of porous metals for use in orthopaedic applications. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[29]  R. Barrack,et al.  The effect of demineralized bone matrix gel on bone ingrowth and fixation of porous implants. , 2002, The Journal of arthroplasty.

[30]  T. Marcelo,et al.  Microstructural characterization and interactions in Ti- and TiH2-hydroxyapatite vacuum sintered composites , 2006 .

[31]  Tadashi Kokubo,et al.  Mechanical properties and osteoconductivity of porous bioactive titanium. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[32]  A. García-Luis,et al.  Improved osseointegration in ion implantation-treated dental implants , 2002 .

[33]  Koichiro Hayashi,et al.  The effect of hydroxyapatite coating on bony ingrowth into grooved titanium implants. , 1999, Biomaterials.