Assessing the model waveform accuracy of gravitational waves

With the improvement in sensitivity of gravitational wave (GW) detectors and the increasing diversity of GW sources, there is a strong need for accurate GW waveform models for data analysis. While the current model accuracy assessments require waveforms generated by numerical relativity (NR) simulations as the “true waveforms”, in this paper we propose a new assessment approach that does not require NR simulations, which enables us to assess model accuracy everywhere in the parameter space. By measuring the difference between two waveform models, we derive a necessary condition for a pair of waveform models to both be accurate, for a particular set of parameters. We then apply this method to the parameter estimation samples of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs GWTC-3 and GWTC-2.1, and find that the waveform accuracy for high signal-to-noise ratio events in some cases fails our assessment criterion. Based on analysis of real events’ posterior samples, we discuss the correlation between our quantified accuracy assessments and systematic errors in parameter estimation. We find waveform models that perform worse in our assessment are more likely to give inconsistent estimations. We also investigate waveform accuracy in different parameter regions, and find the accuracy degrades as the spin effects go up or the mass ratio deviates from one. Furthermore, we make predictions of waveform accuracy requirements for future detectors and find the accuracy of current waveform models should be improved by at least 3 orders of magnitude, which is consistent with previous works. Finally, we discuss some potential applications of our method on constraining physical theories and future waveform modelling.