Elementary statistical quality control

Why Statistics? Statistical Quality Control Data: Statistics for Action Patterns of Variation Wide Applicability Summary CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA AND HOW TO DESCRIBE THEM Two Basic Characteristics of Data Measuring Average Level and Variability Condensing Data into a Frequency Table Sample Data vs. Population Interpretation of X-Bar and S Efficient Calculation of X-Bar and S: Coding Curve Shape Population vs. Sample Characteristics Probability as Area, The Normal Curve Summary Problems SIMPLE PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS Likelihood of an Event Occurring Occurrence Ratio Example 1 and Probability Laws The Binomial Distribution The Poisson Distribution for Nonconformities Hypergeometric Distribution for Nonconforming Units Summary Problems CONTROL CHARTS IN GENERAL Running Record Charts of Performance Performance Varies Unusual Performance Calls for Action What is Unusual Two Kinds of Causes Control Charts Interpretations of Points and Limits Two Purposes of Control Charts Process in Statistical Control Advantages of a Process in Control Summary Problems CONTROL CHARTS FOR ATTRIBUTES Charts for Nonconforming Pieces Charts for Nonconformities Summary Problems CONTROL CHARTS FOR MEASUREMENTS: PROCESS CONTROL Two Characteristics We Desire to Control An Example, x-Bar, R Charts for Past Data An Experimental Example, x-Bar and R Charts for Past Data Some Population Distributions for Sampling Experiments Control Charts for x-Bar and R, Standards Given Control Charts for Standard Deviations, s Comparison of a Control Chart with Specifications Continuing the Charts When and How to Set Standard Values Examples Some Background of Control Charts Summary Problems PROCESS CAPABILITY Specification or Tolerance Limits Manufacturing Tolerances vs. Specification Limits Natural Machine and Process Tolerances Measurement Error and its Effect on Decisions Against Tolerances Comparison of a Process with Specifications Process Capability Index Process Capability Index Based on Location of Process Average Long-Term Process Capability Index-Ppk Example Summary Note Problems FURTHER TOPICS IN CONTROL CHARTS AND APPLICATIONS Types of Sampling Tool Wear, Slanting Limits Charts for Individual x's and Moving Ranges Percent Nonconforming of Bulk Product Average Run Length for a Point Out Chart for Demerits, Rating Quality Some Typical Applications Problems ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING FOR ATTRIBUTES Why Use a Sample for a Decision on a Lot? Levels of Inspecting or Testing a Lot The Operating Characteristic of a Plan Attribute Sampling Inspection Characteristics of Single Sampling Plans Double Sampling Plans and their Characteristics Acceptance Sampling for Nonconformities Finding a Single Sampling Plan to Match Two Points on the OC Curve Some Principles and Concepts in Sampling by Attributes Summary Problems SOME STANDARD SAMPLING PLANS FOR ATTRIBUTES Ansi Asq Z1.4 The Dodge-Romig Sampling Tables Other Sampling Inspection Plans Continuous Sampling Plans Chain Sampling Plan, ChSp-1 Skip-Lot Sampling Plan, SkSp-1 Summary Problems SAMPLING BY VARIABLES Knowledge of Distribution Type General Aim: To Judge Whether Distribution is Satisfactory Decisions on Lot Mean, Known s, Normal Distribution Decisions on Lot by Measurements, s Unknown, Normal Distribution Single-Sample Test on Variability Description of Ansi/Asq Z1.9 Checking a Process Setting Summary Problems TOLERANCES FOR MATING PARTS AND ASSEMBLIES An Example of Bearing and Shaft An Example of an Additive Combination General Formulas Setting Realistic Tolerances Relations Other than Additive-Subtractive Summary Problems Studying Relationships Between Variables by Linear Correlation and Regression Two General Problems First Example-Estimation Second Example-Correlation Simplifying the Calculations Interpretations and Precautions Some Applications Problems A FEW RELIABILITY CONCEPTS Reliability In General Definitions of Reliability Time to First Failure, The Geometric Distribution Lower Confidence Limit on Reliability The Exponential Distribution for Length of Life Reliability of Complex Equipment Summary Problems Appendix Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Index