The Impact of Interaction Effects among Neighbouring Countries on Financial Liberalization and Reform: A Dynamic Spatial Panel Data Approach

Abstract Using data from Abiad et al. (2008), we estimate a dynamic spatial panel data model with country and time-period fixed effects to test for spatial cointegration in the financial liberalization index. Parameter estimates are obtained by reformulating the model in spatial first-differences. Next, by considering the error correction model representation of the dynamic spatial panel data model, we examine financial reform interaction effects and the extent to which a change in a single explanatory variable in a particular country affects financial reform in other countries. Finally, by comparing the performance of different specifications of the spatial weights matrix describing the spatial arrangement of the countries in the sample, we show that the popular regional leader matrix must be rejected in favour of an inverse distance matrix with a cut-off point of 3,000 km. RÉSUMÉ En utilisant des données de Abiad et al. (2008), nous procédons à l'estimation d'un modèle de données spatiales dynamiques, avec effets fixes sur le plan des pays et des périodes, pour tester la co-intégration spatiale dans l'indice de libéralisation financière. On obtient des estimations paramétriques en reformulant le modèle dans des premiers éléments de différence spatiale. Ensuite, en examinant la représentation du modèle de rectification des erreurs du modèle de données spatiales dynamiques, nous examinons les effets d'une interaction de réformes financières, et la mesure dans laquelle un changement d'une variable explicative unique dans un certain pays affecte les réformes financières dans d'autres pays. Enfin, en comparant les performances de différentes spécifications de la matrice des pondérations spatiales décrivant la disposition spatiale des pays de l’échantillon, nous montrons qu'il est nécessaire de rejeter la matrice leader régionale populaire au profit d'une matrice de distance inverse avec un point limite de 3 000 km. EXTRACTO Utilizando datos procedentes de Abiad et al. (2008), estimamos un modelo de datos de panel dinámico espaciales y los efectos fijos de período de tiempo y país para comprobar la cointegración espacial en el índice de liberalización financiera. Las estimaciones de parámetros se obtienen reformulando el modelo en las primeras diferencias espaciales. A continuación, considerando la representación del modelo de corrección de errores del modelo de datos de panel dinámico espaciales, examinamos los efectos de la interacción de la reforma financiera y el punto hasta el que un cambio en una sola variable explicativa en un país particular afecta a la reforma financiera en otros países. Finalmente, comparando el rendimiento de diferentes especificaciones de la matriz de ponderaciones espaciales que describen la disposición espacial de los países de la muestra, mostramos que la matriz de líderes regionales populares debe ser rechazada a favor de una matriz de distancia inversa con un punto de corte de 3000km. 摘要:我们使用阿比亚德等人(2008)提供的数据估算带有国家及时间段恒定效应的动态空间面板数据模型 ' 以测试金融自由化指数中的区域整合程度 。通过以一阶差分对模型进行重建 。接下来 ' 通过分析动态空间面板数据模型的纠错模型表示 ' 我们考查了金融改革互动效应 ' 以及某一特定国家中单个解释变量的变化对其他国家金融改革影响的程度 。最后 ' 通过比较用来描述样本中国家和地区分布的不同规格的地区权重矩阵性能, 我们得出 ' 为了获得分界点为3,000km的逆向距离矩阵, 必须丢弃常用的地区领导人矩阵。

[1]  H. Kelejian,et al.  Specification and Estimation of Spatial Autoregressive Models with Autoregressive and Heteroskedastic Disturbances , 2008, Journal of econometrics.

[2]  J. LeSage Spatial Econometrics , 1998 .

[3]  Hans Pitlik The Impact of Growth Performance and Political Regime Type on Economic Policy Liberalization , 2008 .

[4]  J. Paul Elhorst,et al.  Dynamic panels with endogenous interaction effects when T is small , 2010 .

[5]  J. Elhorst,et al.  The political economy of financial reform: How robust are Huang's findings , 2012 .

[6]  F. Song,et al.  In Search of Fiscal Interactions: A Spatial Analysis of Chinese Provincial Infrastructure Spending , 2015 .

[7]  A. Mody,et al.  Financial Reform: What Shakes it? What Shapes it? , 2003, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[8]  Anne O. Kreuger,et al.  Political Economy of Policy Reform in Developing Countries , 1993 .

[9]  J. Dethier,et al.  Does Democracy Facilitate the Economic Transition? An Empirical Study of Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , 1999 .

[10]  Yongfu Huang,et al.  The political economy of financial reform: are Abiad and Mody right? , 2009 .

[11]  Zachary Elkins,et al.  The Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy , 2004, American Political Science Review.

[12]  Lung-fei Lee,et al.  Spatial Panel Data Models , 2015 .

[13]  Luc Laeven,et al.  Systemic Banking Crises: A New Database , 2008, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[14]  Lung-fei Lee,et al.  QML Estimation of Spatial Dynamic Panel Data Models with Time Varying Spatial Weights Matrices , 2012 .

[15]  J. Williamson,et al.  A survey of financial liberalization , 1998 .

[16]  Stijn Claessens,et al.  Financial Development, Property Rights and Growth , 2002 .

[17]  Helge Berger,et al.  Which Variables Explain Decisions on IMF Credit? An Extreme Bounds Analysis , 2005 .

[18]  Wolfgang Kellera,et al.  The origin of spatial interaction , 2007 .

[19]  O. Bandiera,et al.  Does Financial Reform Raise or Reduce Saving? , 2000, Review of Economics and Statistics.

[20]  Enrica Detragiache,et al.  A New Database of Financial Reforms , 2008 .

[21]  Sergio L. Schmukler,et al.  Short-Run Pain, Long-Run Gain: Financial Liberalization and Stock Market Cycles , 2007 .

[22]  Susanna Lundström,et al.  The effect of democracy on different categories of economic freedom , 2005 .

[23]  S. Simoens,et al.  Impact, regulation and health policy implications of physician migration in OECD countries. , 2004, Human resources for health.

[24]  L. Anselin,et al.  Spatial Panel Econometrics , 2008 .

[25]  W. Tobler A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region , 1970 .

[26]  E. Detragiache,et al.  A New Database of Financial Reforms , 2008 .

[27]  George M. Korniotis Estimating Panel Models With Internal and External Habit Formation , 2007 .

[28]  Lung-fei Lee,et al.  Estimation for spatial dynamic panel data with fixed effects: The case of spatial cointegration , 2012 .

[29]  Lung-fei Lee,et al.  Asymptotic Distributions of Quasi-Maximum Likelihood Estimators for Spatial Autoregressive Models , 2004 .

[30]  M. D. Ugarte,et al.  Introduction to Spatial Econometrics , 2011 .

[31]  Bernard Fortin,et al.  Identification of Peer Effects through Social Networks , 2007, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[32]  L. Agnello,et al.  What Determines the Likelihood of Structural Reforms , 2015 .

[33]  Ryan R. Brady Measuring the diffusion of housing prices across space and over time , 2011 .

[34]  Badi H. Baltagi,et al.  A companion to theoretical econometrics , 2003 .

[35]  Steffen Wirth,et al.  Do crises promote the extent of economic liberalization?: an empirical test , 2003 .

[36]  Tom Wansbeek,et al.  A companion to theoretical econometrics , 2001 .

[37]  Jeffrey P. Cohen,et al.  Public Infrastructure Investment, Interstate Spatial Spillovers, and Manufacturing Costs , 2004, Review of Economics and Statistics.

[38]  J. LeSage,et al.  Interpreting dynamic space-time panel data models , 2012 .

[39]  J. Dethier,et al.  Taxing Capital Income in Hungary and the European Union , 1999 .

[40]  Sebastian Kripfganz Unconditional Transformed Likelihood Estimation of Time-Space Dynamic Panel Data Models , 2014 .

[41]  James P. LeSage,et al.  A Space-Time Filter for Panel Data Models Containing Random Effects , 2009, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[42]  J. Sturm,et al.  Does More Democracy Lead to Greater Economic Freedom , 2003 .

[43]  Lung-fei Lee,et al.  Quasi-maximum likelihood estimators for spatial dynamic panel data with fixed effects when both n and T are large , 2008 .

[44]  Luc Anselin,et al.  Thirty years of spatial econometrics , 2010 .

[45]  M. Pesaran Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure , 2004, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[46]  Panicos O. Demetriades,et al.  Sources and legitimacy of financial liberalization , 2012, European Journal of Political Economy.

[47]  Lung-fei Lee,et al.  Some recent developments in spatial panel data models , 2010 .