The report gives information on emerging technologies that are considered to be commercially available (Tier 1), currently undergoing research and development (Tier 2), or considered as potentially applicable (Tier 3), for the management of landfill gas (LFG) emissions or for the utilization of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from LFG. The emerging technologies that are considered to be Tier 1 are: (1) phosphoric acid fuel cells, (2) processes for converting CH4 from LFG to compressed LFG for vehicle fuel or other fuel uses, and (3) use of LFG as a fuel source for leachate evaporation systems. The Tier 2 technologies covered in the report are: (1) operation of landfills as anaerobic bioreactors, (2) operation of landfills are aerobic bioreactors, (3) production of ethanol from LFG, (4) production of commercial CO2 from LFG, and (5) use of LFG to provide fuel for heat and CO2 enhancement in greenhouses. Tier 3 technologies, considered as potentially applicable for LFG. include Stirling and Organic Rankine Cycle engines.
[1]
E. I. Wan,et al.
Methanol production from indigenous resources in New York State. Volume 1. Executive summary
,
1983
.
[2]
R. J. Spiegel,et al.
Test results for fuel-cell operation on landfill gas
,
1997
.
[3]
H. Lanier Hickman,et al.
Solid Waste Association of North America
,
1992,
Environmental Conservation.
[4]
J. Hirschenhofer,et al.
Fuel cells: A handbook (Revision 3)
,
1994
.
[5]
R. J. Spiegel,et al.
Using landfill gas in fuel cells - a step closer to commercial reality
,
1995
.
[6]
A. Gore,et al.
Climate change action plan
,
2011
.