Biological markers in urologic cancer

Tumor markers (TMs) play an important part in the management of urologic cancer. Alpha‐fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and occasionally lactic dehydrogenase serological determinations have become indispensable in the management of nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor patients, particularly after initial therapy, whereas human chorionic gonadotropin and probably placental alkaline phosphatase are important in seminoma. Prostatic acid phosphatase has long been important for the monitoring of patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The availability of the immunologic assays instead of the enzymatic assays has improved sensitivity somewhat but clinical interpretation has also become more complicated. Prostatic specific antigen is already an important tissue marker for carcinoma of the prostate and promises to be an important serological one, possibly surpassing prostatic acid phosphatase in importance. Analysis of DNA by automated flow cytometry is becoming important in the early detection and follow‐up of bladder cancer patients. Studies concerning the tissue analysis of blood group antigens in bladder cancer continue to demonstrate that this approach can provide unique clinical information and interesting biological insights, but its role in routine clinical management remains to be determined. Currently, TMs have little clinical significance in renal cell carcinoma, but the availability of monoclonal antibodies to renal cell carcinoma preferential antigens may change this deficiency soon. In fact, in the near future, monoclonal antibodies will probably reveal many new substances for many urological cancers which can be used for markers serologically, histochemically, and, with their corresponding antibody, for radioimmune imaging and possibly immunotherapy. Now, as then, familiarity with the nuances of the marker and good clinical judgement will be essential.