Groundwater-recharge estimation in the Ordos Plateau, China: comparison of methods

Groundwater recharge is a key factor in water-balance studies, especially in (semi-)arid areas. In this study, multiple methods were used to estimate groundwater recharge in the Ordos Plateau (China), including reference to water-table fluctuation, Darcy’s law and the water budget. The mean annual recharge rates found were: water-table-fluctuation method (46–109 mm/yr); saturated-zone Darcian method (17–54 mm/yr); and water-budget method (21–109 mm/yr). Generally, groundwater-recharge rates are higher in the eastern part of the plateau where the land surface is covered by permeable sand that is favorable for infiltration. Along with results from previous studies using the empirical method, the chloride-mass-balance method, the unsaturated-zone Darcian method and the hydrograph-separation method, groundwater recharge rates were compared. There is no one method that would consistently produce the largest or smallest estimate of annual recharge for all groundwater systems. The largest recharge estimates were usually determined using the unsaturated-zone Darcian method and the smallest estimates were usually determined using the chloride-mass-balance method. Comparison of multiple methods is found to be valuable for determining the range of plausible recharge rates and for highlighting the uncertainty of the estimates.RésuméLa recharge de nappe est un facteur clé des études de bilans d’eau, spécialement dans les régions (semi)-arides. Dans cette étude, des méthodes multiples ont été utilisées pour estimer la recharge de nappe dans le plateau d’Ordos (Chine), considérant la fluctuation du niveau de nappe, la loi de Darcy et le bilan d’eau. Les taux moyens annuels de recharge trouvés sont : fluctuation du niveau de nappe (46–109 mm/an); loi de Darcy en milieu poreux saturé (17–54 mm/an); bilan d’eau (21–109 mm/an). Généralement, les taux de recharge sont plus élevés dans la partie Est du plateau où la surface du sol est couverte de sable perméable, ce qui est favorable à l’infiltration. De plus, les taux de recharge ont été comparés avec les résultats d’études antérieures utilisant la méthode empirique, méthode du bilan de masse des chlorures, méthode de Darcy en zone non saturée, analyse d’hydrogramme. Il n’y a pas une seule méthode qui donnerait surement l’estimation maximale ou minimale de la recharge annuelle pour tous les systèmes souterrains. Les plus hautes estimations de recharge sont généralement données par la méthode de Darcy en zone non saturée et les plus basses par la méthode du bilan de masse des chlorures. Il apparaît qu’une comparaison de méthodes multiples est précieuse pour déterminer la gamme des taux de recharge possibles et mettre en évidence l’incertitude des estimations.ResumenLa recarga de agua subterránea es un factor clave en los estudios de balances de agua, especialmente en áreas (semi)áridas. En este estudio, se utilizaron múltiples métodos para estimar la recarga del agua subterránea en el Ordos Plateau (China), incluyendo referencias a la fluctuación de los niveles freáticos, a la ley de Darcy y al balance de agua. Los ritmos de recarga media anual encontradas fueron: método de fluctuación del nivel freático (46–109 mm/a); método Darciano de zona saturada (17–54 mm/a); y método del balance de agua (21–109 mm/a). Generalmente, los ritmos de recarga de agua subterránea son mayores en la parte este del plateau donde la superficie del terreno está cubierta por arenas permeables lo cual es favorable para la infiltración. Conjuntamente con los resultados de estudios previos usando el método empírico, se compararon los ritmos de recarga de agua subterránea por el método de balance de masa de cloruro, el método Darciano de la zona no saturada y el método de separación de hidrogramas. No existe un método que produzca consistentemente la mayor o la menor estimación de la recarga anual para todos los sistemas de agua subterránea. Las mayores estimaciones de la recarga fueron determinadas usualmente usando el método Darciano de la zona no saturada y las menores estimaciones fueron determinadas usualmente usando el método de balance de masa de cloruro. Se encontró que la comparación de múltiples métodos es valiosa para determinar el intervalo de los posibles ritmos de recarga plausibles y para resalta la incertidumbre de las estimaciones.摘要在水平衡研究中,地下水补给是一个关键因素,尤其是在干旱(半干旱)地区。本次研究应用水位波动、达西定律以及水平衡等多重方法估计鄂尔多斯高原的地下水补给量。多年平均补给速率为:水位波动法 (46–109 mm/yr);饱和带达西法 (17–54 mm/yr);水平衡方法 (21–109 mm/yr)。通常,在高原东部地面覆有透水的沙,利于下渗,地下水补给速率较高。与之前研究得到的经验法、氯质量平衡法、非饱和带达西法以及水文过程线分割方法结果进行比较,没有一种方法可以一直产生最大或最小的地下水系统年补给估计量。最大补给估计量通常由非饱和带达西法得到,最小补给量通常由氯质量平衡方法得到。多重方法相互校正对于确定补给速率的合理范围以及突出估计量的不确定性很有价值。ResumoA recarga de águas subterrâneas é um factor decisivo nos estudos de balanço hídrico, particularmente em zonas (semi-)áridas. Neste estudo, utilizaram-se vários métodos para estimar a recarga subterrânea no Planalto de Ordos (China), incluindo os referentes à oscilação do nível freático, à lei de Darcy e ao balanço hídrico. Obtiveram-se as seguintes taxas de recarga médias anuais: 46–109 mm/a para o método da oscilação do nível freático; 17–54 mm/a para o método de Darcy na zona saturada; e 21–109 mm/a para o método do balanço hídrico. De um modo geral, as taxas de recarga subterrânea são mais elevadas na zona oriental do planalto, onde a superfície do solo se encontra coberta por areias permeáveis que favorecem a infiltração. Juntamente com os resultados de estudos anteriores, que utilizaram o método empírico, o método do balanço de cloretos, o método de Darcy na zona não-saturada e o método de decomposição de hidrogramas, compararam-se os valores das taxas de recarga subterrânea. Nenhum dos métodos produziu consistentemente a estimativa mais elevada ou mais baixa da recarga anual para todos os sistemas de água subterrânea. As estimativas de recarga mais elevadas foram geralmente obtidas aplicando o método de Darcy na zona não-saturada, enquanto as estimativas mais baixas resultavam normalmente do método de balanço de cloretos. A comparação de vários métodos é considerada preciosa para a determinação da gama de possíveis valores de taxas de recarga e para realçar a incerteza associada às estimativas.

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