Influence of operational parameters on nitrogen removal efficiency and microbial communities in a full-scale activated sludge process.

To improve the efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) removal, solid retention time (SRT) and internal recycling ratio controls were selected as operating parameters in a full-scale activated sludge process treating high strength industrial wastewater. Increased biomass concentration via SRT control enhanced TN removal. Also, decreasing the internal recycling ratio restored the nitrification process, which had been inhibited by phenol shock loading. Therefore, physiological alteration of the bacterial populations by application of specific operational strategies may stabilize the activated sludge process. Additionally, two dominant ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) populations, Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosomonas nitrosa, were observed in all samples with no change in the community composition of AOB. In a nitrification tank, it was observed that the Nitrobacter populations consistently exceeded those of the Nitrospira within the nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) community. Through using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), nirS, the nitrite reducing functional gene, was observed to predominate in the activated sludge of an anoxic tank, whereas there was the least amount of the narG gene, the nitrate reducing functional gene.

[1]  P. Mccarty,et al.  Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications , 2000 .

[2]  John M. Regan,et al.  Ammonia- and Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacterial Communities in a Pilot-Scale Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[3]  G. Sayler,et al.  Quantification of Nitrosomonas oligotropha-Like Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria and Nitrospira spp. from Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plants by Competitive PCR , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[4]  G. Sayler,et al.  Real-time PCR quantification of nitrifying bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[5]  K. Schleifer,et al.  In situ Identification of Ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria , 1995 .

[6]  F. Martin-Laurent,et al.  Quantification of a novel group of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the environment by real-time PCR. , 2004, Journal of microbiological methods.

[7]  D. Lee,et al.  Response of nitrifying bacterial communities to the increased thiocyanate concentration in pre-denitrification process. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[8]  J. Leckie,et al.  Influence of a prolonged solid retention time environment on nitrification/denitrification and sludge production in a submerged membrane bioreactor , 2009 .

[9]  T. Nandy,et al.  Novel two stage bio-oxidation and chlorination process for high strength hazardous coal carbonization effluent. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[10]  D. Lee,et al.  Inhibitory effects of toxic compounds on nitrification process for cokes wastewater treatment. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[11]  M. Hermansson,et al.  Community survey of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria in full‐scale activated sludge processes with different solids retention time , 2005, Journal of applied microbiology.

[12]  D. Stahl,et al.  Comparative analyses reveal a highly conserved endoglucanase in the cellulolytic genus Fibrobacter , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[13]  A. E. Greenberg,et al.  Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater : supplement to the sixteenth edition , 1988 .

[14]  R. Amann,et al.  Combination of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes with flow cytometry for analyzing mixed microbial populations , 1990, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[15]  D. Lee,et al.  Effects of free cyanide on microbial communities and biological carbon and nitrogen removal performance in the industrial activated sludge process. , 2011, Water research.

[16]  H. Melcer,et al.  The Effect of Degree of Recycle on the Nitrifier Growth Rate , 2011, Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation.

[17]  T. Limpiyakorn,et al.  Communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge of various sewage treatment plants in Tokyo. , 2005, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[18]  F. Çeçen,et al.  Monitoring of population shifts in an enriched nitrifying system under gradually increased cadmium loading. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[19]  M. Hermansson,et al.  Effects of environmental conditions on the nitrifying population dynamics in a pilot wastewater treatment plant. , 2007, Environmental microbiology.

[20]  T. Taylor Eighmy,et al.  Distribution and role of bacterial nitrifying populations in nitrogen removal in aquatic treatment systems , 1989 .

[21]  M. Wagner,et al.  Phylogenetic probes for analyzing abundance and spatial organization of nitrifying bacteria , 1996, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[22]  Eva L M Figuerola,et al.  Diversity of nitrifying bacteria in a full-scale petroleum refinery wastewater treatment plant experiencing unstable nitrification. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[23]  D. Lee,et al.  Instability of biological nitrogen removal in a cokes wastewater treatment facility during summer. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[24]  D. M. Ward,et al.  Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Profiles of 16 S rRNA-Defined Populations Inhabiting a Hot Spring Microbial Mat Community , 1996 .

[25]  Katie Bloor,et al.  Experimental demonstration of chaotic instability in biological nitrification , 2007, The ISME Journal.

[26]  S. Tsuneda,et al.  Salinity Decreases Nitrite Reductase Gene Diversity in Denitrifying Bacteria of Wastewater Treatment Systems , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[27]  P. Lindgren,et al.  Quantification of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in Arable Soil by Real-Time PCR , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[28]  J. Baeyens,et al.  Inhibition of Nitrification by Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds: The ISO 9509 Test , 2003 .

[29]  Slil Siripong,et al.  Diversity study of nitrifying bacteria in full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants. , 2007, Water research.

[30]  G. Braker,et al.  Development of PCR Primer Systems for Amplification of Nitrite Reductase Genes (nirK and nirS) To Detect Denitrifying Bacteria in Environmental Samples , 1998, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[31]  D. Stahl,et al.  Monitoring the enrichment and isolation of sulfate-reducing bacteria by using oligonucleotide hybridization probes designed from environmentally derived 16S rRNA sequences , 1993, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[32]  Young Mo Kim,et al.  Sudden failure of biological nitrogen and carbon removal in the full-scale pre-denitrification process treating cokes wastewater. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[33]  G. Sayler,et al.  Emergence of Competitive Dominant Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterial Populations in a Full-Scale Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[34]  L. Philippot,et al.  Quantitative Detection of the nosZ Gene, Encoding Nitrous Oxide Reductase, and Comparison of the Abundances of 16S rRNA, narG, nirK, and nosZ Genes in Soils , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[35]  Jaai Kim,et al.  Monitoring thiocyanate-degrading microbial community in relation to changes in process performance in mixed culture systems near washout. , 2008, Water research.

[36]  Zhiguo Yuan,et al.  Kinetic characterisation of an enriched Nitrospira culture with comparison to Nitrobacter. , 2007, Water research.

[37]  A. Brauman,et al.  Quantification of denitrifying bacteria in soils by nirK gene targeted real-time PCR. , 2004, Journal of microbiological methods.