Origin of the cusp Birkeland currents

The authors argues that the cusp-region field-aligned (Birkeland) currents, first reported by Iijima and Potemra (1976b), arise from the motion of reconnected open field lines shortening over the dayside magnetopause. Initially, field tension is dominant so the open field lines have a significant east/west component to their motion. Later, as the field lines shorten, the magnetosheath flow becomes increasingly important, and the field lines are pulled antisunward into the polar cap. Where the field lines change their direction of movement from east/west to antisunward, the magnetic field must tilt and this is the site of the cusp Birkeland current. All the major observational features of the cusp Birkeland currents fit qualitatively well with our model.

[1]  R. Lundin,et al.  IMF By dependence of region 1 Birkeland currents near noon , 1988 .

[2]  D. Klumpar,et al.  Birkeland currents and charged particles in the high-latitude prenoon region: A new interpretation , 1988 .

[3]  G. Siscoe,et al.  An MHD model for the complete open magnetotail boundary , 1987 .

[4]  B. Mauk,et al.  Magnetospheric electric fields and currents , 1987 .

[5]  T. Ogino A three-dimensional MHD simulation of the interaction of the solar wind with the earth's magnetosphere - The generation of field-aligned currents , 1986 .

[6]  L. Zanetti,et al.  The Relationship of Birkeland and Ionospheric Current Systems to the Interplanetary Magnetic Field , 1986 .

[7]  J. M. Dawson,et al.  An MHD simulation of By ‐dependent magnetospheric convection and field‐aligned currents during northward IMF , 1985 .

[8]  M. Saunders,et al.  Interpretation of magnetic field perturbations in the earth's magnetopause boundary layers , 1983 .

[9]  D. Stern The origins of Birkeland currents , 1983 .

[10]  G. Siscoe Energy coupling between regions 1 and 2 Birkeland current systems , 1982 .

[11]  W. J. Burke,et al.  Field‐aligned currents and electric fields observed in the region of the dayside cusp , 1981 .

[12]  B. Sonnerup Theory of the low-latitude boundary layer , 1980 .

[13]  N. A. Saflekos,et al.  The orientation of birkeland current sheets in the dayside polar region and its relationship to the IMF , 1980 .

[14]  Tetsuya Sato,et al.  Primary sources of large-scale Birkeland currents , 1979 .

[15]  V. Vasyliūnas Interaction between the magnetospheric boundary layers and the ionosphere , 1979 .

[16]  N. A. Saflekos,et al.  Birkeland currents and the interplanetary magnetic field , 1979 .

[17]  R. Heelis Ionospheric convection at high latitudes , 1979 .

[18]  J. Burrows,et al.  Large-scale magnetic field perturbations and particle measurements at 1400 km on the dayside , 1979 .

[19]  J. Wilhjelm,et al.  The relationship between ionospheric and field‐aligned currents in the dayside cusp , 1978 .

[20]  J. Burrows,et al.  Magnetic field perturbations in the dayside cleft and their relationship to the IMF , 1978 .

[21]  N. A. Saflekos,et al.  Field-aligned currents in the south polar cusp and their relationship to the interplanetary magnetic field , 1978 .

[22]  V. Ponomarev,et al.  Equatorial ionospheric anomaly and interplanetary magnetic field , 1978 .

[23]  T. Potemra,et al.  Field‐aligned currents in the dayside cusp observed by Triad , 1976 .

[24]  E. W. Hones,et al.  The magnetospheric boundary layer: Site of plasma, momentum and energy transfer from the magnetosheath into the magnetosphere , 1976 .

[25]  T. Potemra,et al.  The amplitude distribution of field-aligned currents at northern high latitudes observed by TRIAD. Interim report , 1975 .

[26]  M. Sugiura Identifications of the polar cap boundary and the auroral belt in the high‐altitude magnetosphere: A model for field‐aligned currents , 1975 .

[27]  A. J. Zmuda,et al.  The diurnal variation of the region with vector magnetic field changes associated with field‐aligned currents , 1974 .

[28]  M. Schield,et al.  A source for field‐aligned currents at auroral latitudes , 1969 .