High pressure torsion of Cu (cid:1) Ag and Cu (cid:1) Sn alloys: Limits for solubility and dissolution

The high-pressure torsion (HPT) of binary copper alloys with 3, 5, 8, 10 wt. % Ag and 14 wt. % Sn has been studied at room temperature T HPT . Before HPT, the Cu (cid:1) Ag alloys have been annealed at 12 different temperatures between 320 and 800 °C and Cu (cid:1) 14 wt. % Sn has been annealed at 9 different temperatures between 310 and 500 °C. Thus, before HPT the Cu (cid:1) Ag alloys consisted of Ag-particles in the Cu-based matrix with silver content c init from almost zero to 8 wt.%. The Cu (cid:1) 14 wt. % Sn samples had Cu-based matrix with tin concentration c init from almost zero to 14 wt.% Sn and precipitates of e or d Hume-Rothery intermetallic phases. After about 1.5 plunger rotations a certain steady-state concentration c ss of the alloying element is reached in the matrix. The measured c ss values were 5.5 § 0.1 wt. % Ag and 13.1 § 0.1 wt. % Sn. If the initial concentration c init in Cu matrix was below c ss ( c init < c ss ), it increased towards c ss during HPT. If c init > c ss it decreased towards c ss . We observed that c ss did not depend on c init in broad interval of c init and was, therefore, equi fi nal. The equi fi nal c ss values corresponded to the certain equilibrium solubilities of silver and tin in Cu matrix and allowed to estimate the (elevated) effective temperature as T eff (Ag) = 700 § 10 °C and T eff (Sn) = 400 § 10 °C, respectively. The observed phenomena are discussed using the ideas of non-equilibrium thermodynamics of open systems. During HPT the decomposition of a solid solution competed with dissolution of precipitates. As a result, a dynamic equilibrium established between precipitation and dissolution at steady-state deformation stage. In this dynamic equilibrium a certain steady-state concentration c ss of the alloying element is reached in the matrix. In Cu-based alloys, the obtained T eff is always higher than T HPT and correlates with activation enthalpy of dopant diffusion in Cu. Other HPT-driven phenomena such as accelerated mass transfer, intermetallic phase formation, grain boundary faceting and grain boundary segregation are taken into account to evaluate the effective temperature T eff . © 2020 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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