Elektrolumineszierende konjugierte Polymere – Polymere erstrahlen in neuem Licht

Ein aufregendes interdisziplinares Forschungsgebiet hat sich aus der Entdeckung entwickelt, das konjugierte Polymere bei Anregung durch Strom Licht emittieren konnen – dies ermoglicht ihre Verwendung in Leuchtdioden. Eine Vielzahl lichtemittierender Polymere (Beispiele siehe unten), deren Farben das gesamte sichtbare Spektrum des Lichts abdecken, wurde durch chemische Intuition und rationales Design entwickelt.

[1]  Miller,et al.  Defect quenching of conjugated polymer luminescence. , 1994, Physical review letters.

[2]  F. E. Karasz,et al.  Blue-light electroluminescence from p-phenylene vinylene-based copolymers , 1993 .

[3]  V. Percec,et al.  Synthesis of functional poly(p-phenylene)s from substituted hydroquinones via nickel-catalyzed coupling of their bistriflates , 1992 .

[4]  W. R. Salaneck,et al.  Conjugated polymer surfaces and interfaces: a mini-review and some new results , 1996 .

[5]  A. Epstein,et al.  Poly (p-pyridine) - and poly (p-pyridyl vinylene) -based polymers: their photophysics and application to SCALE devices , 1996 .

[6]  Masayoshi Yoshida,et al.  Polarity-dependent multicolor organic electroluminescent device , 1996 .

[7]  W. Whang,et al.  Characteristics of an electropolymerized PPV and its light-emitting diode , 1996 .

[8]  P. Strohriegl,et al.  Efficient synthesis of starburst oxadiazole compounds , 1996 .

[9]  S. Karg,et al.  Electrical and Optical Characterization of Light Emitting Poly-Phenylene-Vinylene Diodes , 1993 .

[10]  R. Friend,et al.  New CF3-substituted PPV-type oligomers and polymers for use as hole blocking layers in LEDs , 1997 .

[11]  M. Hay,et al.  Aliphatic Phenylene Vinylene Copolymers: Tuning the Color of Luminescence through Co-monomer Feed Ratios , 1995 .

[12]  Taehyoung Zyung,et al.  Photodegradation of poly(p ‐ phenylenevinylene) by laser light at the peak wavelength of electroluminescence , 1995 .

[13]  S. Karg,et al.  Heterolayer light-emitting diodes based on new oxadiazole polymers , 1996 .

[14]  ELECTROLUMINESCENCE FROM A CONJUGATED POLYMER MICROCAVITY STRUCTURE , 1995 .

[15]  M. Pomerantz,et al.  Poly(alkyl thiophene-3-carboxylates). Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophenes with a Carbonyl Group Directly Attached to the Ring , 1995 .

[16]  R. N. Marks,et al.  Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers , 1990, Nature.

[17]  M. Hamaguchi,et al.  Blue Electroluminescence from Poly(2,5-diheptyloxy-1,4-phenylene) , 1995 .

[18]  J. J. M. Vleggaar,et al.  Electron and hole transport in poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) devices , 1996 .

[19]  F. Papadimitrakopoulos,et al.  Thermal and Photochemical Origin of Carbonyl Group Defects in Poly-(P-Phenylenevinylene) , 1994 .

[20]  Dirk Vanderzande,et al.  A general synthetic route to high molecular weight poly (p-xylylene)-derivatives : a new route to poly(p-phenylene vinylene) , 1994 .

[21]  R. Friend,et al.  Light-emitting and photoconductive diodes fabricated with conjugated polymers , 1996 .

[22]  R. Friend,et al.  Microcavity effect in a single‐layer polymer light‐emitting diode , 1995 .

[23]  G. Bazan,et al.  Paracyclophene Route to Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) , 1994 .

[24]  Takakazu Yamamoto.  Electrically conducting and thermally stable π-conjugated poly(arylene)s prepared by organometallic processes , 1992 .

[25]  R. D. Mccullough,et al.  Improved electroluminescence performance of poly (3-alkylthiophenes) having a high head-to-tail (HT) ratio , 1996 .

[26]  R. Giesa.  Synthesis and Properties of Conjugated Poly(Aryleneethynylene)S , 1996 .

[27]  Olle Inganäs,et al.  White light emission from a polymer blend light emitting diode , 1996 .

[28]  V. Cimrová,et al.  Efficient blue light emitting devices based on rigid‐rod polyelectrolytes , 1996 .

[29]  M. Hirooka,et al.  Highly conducting poly(phenylene vinylene) derivatives via soluble precursor process , 1987 .

[30]  Franco Cacialli,et al.  Light-emitting diodes based on poly(methacrylates) with distyrylbenzene and oxadiazole side chains , 1995 .

[31]  Hans-Heinrich Hörhold,et al.  Poly(phenylenevinylene)s - synthesis and redoxchemistry of electroactive polymers , 1987 .

[32]  D. Braun,et al.  Electroluminescence and photoluminescence efficiency of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives , 1995 .

[33]  E. W. Meijer,et al.  Synthesis, processing and material properties of conjugated polymers , 1996 .

[34]  V. Cimrová,et al.  Microcavity effects in single‐layer light‐emitting devices based on poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) , 1996 .

[35]  Andrew B. Holmes,et al.  Electroluminescent devices made with conjugated polymers , 1993, Electronic Imaging.

[36]  Zeev Valentine Vardeny,et al.  Cooperative emission in ∏-conjugated polymer thin films , 1997 .

[37]  K. Müllen,et al.  Low‐temperature synthesis of poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) by the sulfonium salt route , 1993 .

[38]  R. H. Wieringa,et al.  TUNING OF THE LUMINESCENCE IN MULTIBLOCK ALTERNATING COPOLYMERS .1. SYNTHESIS AND SPECTROSCOPY OF POLY[(SILANYLENE)THIOPHENE]S , 1995 .

[39]  M. Berggren,et al.  Ultraviolet electroluminescence from an organic light emitting diode , 1995 .

[40]  C. Eckhardt,et al.  Solid-State and Solvatochromic Spectra of a Highly Regular Polythiophene , 1995 .

[41]  R. Friend,et al.  Electroluminescence and photoluminescence investigations of the yellow emission of devices based on ladder-type oligo(para-phenylene)s , 1994 .

[42]  F. E. Karasz,et al.  A soluble blue-light-emitting polymer , 1993 .

[43]  R. Friend,et al.  Synthesis of a polyphenylene light-emitting polymer , 1994 .

[44]  V. Cimrová,et al.  Microcavity devices based on a ladder-type poly(p-phenylene) emitting blue, green, and red light , 1996 .

[45]  A. Heeger,et al.  Visible light emission from semiconducting polymer diodes , 1991 .

[46]  V. Tsukruk,et al.  Columnar discotics for light emitting diodes , 1997 .

[47]  Yang Yang,et al.  Efficient blue-green and white light-emitting electrochemical cells based on poly[9,9-bis(3,6-dioxaheptyl)-fluorene-2,7-diyl] , 1997 .

[48]  Alan J. Heeger,et al.  New Developments in the Photonic Applications of Conjugated Polymers , 1997 .

[49]  Franco Cacialli,et al.  The synthesis and optoelectronic properties of oxadiazole-based polymers , 1995 .

[50]  R. Friend,et al.  High electron affinity polymers for LEDs , 1994 .

[51]  A. J. Heeger,et al.  Yellow electroluminescent diodes utilizing poly(2,5-bis(cholestanoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) , 1993 .

[52]  C. Tang,et al.  Organic Electroluminescent Diodes , 1987 .

[53]  A. Epstein,et al.  Color variable bipolar/ac light-emitting devices based on conjugated polymers , 1997 .

[54]  G. Wegner,et al.  Synthesis, optical absorption and fluorescence of new poly(p-phenylene)-related polymers , 1996 .

[55]  Göran Gustafsson,et al.  White light from an electroluminescent diode made from poly[3(4‐octylphenyl)‐2,2′‐bithiophene] and an oxadiazole derivative , 1994 .

[56]  Yang Yang,et al.  Electron injection polymer for polymer light‐emitting diodes , 1995 .

[57]  Q. Pei,et al.  Efficient blue light-emitting diodes from a soluble poly(para-phenylene) : internal field emission measurement of the energy gap in semiconducting polymers , 1996 .

[58]  S. Karg,et al.  Enhanced efficiency of polymer light emitting diodes utilizing oxadiazole polymers , 1995 .

[59]  M. Berggren,et al.  Green Electroluminescence in Poly‐(3‐cyclohexylthiophene) light‐emitting diodes , 1994 .

[60]  Donal D. C. Bradley,et al.  Angular Dependence of the Emission from a Conjugated Polymer Light‐Emitting Diode: Implications for efficiency calculations , 1994 .

[61]  J. Wendorff,et al.  Polarized electroluminescence of light emitting liquid crystalline polymers , 1996 .

[62]  C. Kim,et al.  Blue and green light emission from new soluble alternating copolymers , 1997 .

[63]  R. Friend,et al.  Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Conjugated Polymers: Control of Colour and Efficiency , 1992 .

[64]  R. W. Gymer,et al.  Chemical control of colour and electroluminescent device efficiency in copolymeric poly(arylenevylenes) , 1993 .

[65]  Qibing Pei,et al.  Voltage controlled two color light‐emitting electrochemical cells , 1996 .

[66]  Lewis J. Rothberg,et al.  Status of and prospects for organic electroluminescence , 1996 .

[67]  F. E. Karasz,et al.  Red light emitting push-pull disubstituted poly(1,4-phenylenevinylenes) , 1996 .

[68]  S. Holdcroft,et al.  Molecular control of luminescence from poly(3-hexylthiophenes) , 1993 .

[69]  Jung‐Il Jin,et al.  The preparation and characterization of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Langmuire-Blodgett films formed via precursor method , 1994 .

[70]  A. Heeger,et al.  Light‐emitting diodes from partially conjugated poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) , 1993 .

[71]  W. R. Salaneck,et al.  Efficient blue‐light emitting devices from conjugated polymer blends , 1996 .

[72]  G. Wegner,et al.  PALLADIUM AND NICKEL CATALYZED POLYCONDENSATION - THE KEY TO STRUCTURALLY DEFINED POLYARYLENES AND OTHER AROMATIC POLYMERS , 1993 .

[73]  Voss,et al.  Enhanced order and electronic delocalization in conjugated polymers oriented by gel processing in polyethylene. , 1991, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[74]  A. Epstein,et al.  Application of aluminum, copper and gold electrodes in a.c. polymer light-emitting devices , 1996 .

[75]  Jang‐Joo Kim,et al.  ElectroluminesCence Behavior in Polymer Blend of Two Luminescent Polymers , 1995 .

[76]  H. Antoniadis,et al.  Chlorine precursor route (CPR) chemistry to poly(p‐phenylene vinylene)‐based light emitting diodes , 1995 .

[77]  Y. Yang,et al.  1,3,4-Oxadiazole-Containing Polymers as Electron-Injection and Blue Electroluminescent Materials in Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes , 1995 .

[78]  J. Sturm,et al.  Photophysical Properties, Self-Assembled Thin Films, and Light-Emitting Diodes of Poly(p-pyridylvinylene)s and Poly(p-pyridinium vinylene)s , 1995 .

[79]  G. Gustafsson,et al.  Light-emitting diodes with variable colours from polymer blends , 1994, Nature.

[80]  Donal D. C. Bradley,et al.  Electroluminescence in polymer films , 1997, Nature.

[81]  Yang Yang,et al.  Solid-state polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells , 1996 .

[82]  Dirk Vanderzande,et al.  A New Synthetic Route to a Soluble High Molecular Weight Precursor for Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives , 1995 .

[83]  T. Noguchi,et al.  Organic electroluminescent devices having poly(dialkoxy-p-phenylene vinylenes) as a light emitting material , 1993 .

[84]  Markus Schwoerer,et al.  MetaVInsulatorPolymer - LEDs Based on PPV , 1996 .

[85]  A. Bolognesi,et al.  Polarized electroluminescence from an oriented poly (3‐alkylthiophene) langmuir–blodgett structure , 1997 .

[86]  R. Friend,et al.  CYANO-DERIVATIVES OF POLY(P-PHENYLENE VINYLENE) FOR USE IN THIN-FILM LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES , 1993 .

[87]  Klavs F. Jensen,et al.  Photo-oxidation of polymers used in electroluminescent devices , 1995 .

[88]  J. Sturm,et al.  Electroluminescent properties of self-assembled polymer thin films† , 1995 .

[89]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Optical Properties of Poly(3,4-dialkyl-1,6-phenyleneethynylene) , 1994 .

[90]  H. Bässler,et al.  Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) by chemical vapor deposition: Synthesis, structural evaluation, glass transition, electroluminescence, and photoluminescence , 1996 .

[91]  R. Grubbs,et al.  Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octadienes : a new precursor route to poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene) , 1992 .

[92]  Q. Pei,et al.  Planar light-emitting devices fabricated with luminescent electrochemical polyblends , 1997 .

[93]  G. Malliaras,et al.  Tuning of photo‐ and electroluminescence in alkylated polythiophenes with well‐defined regioregularity , 1994 .

[94]  Göran Gustafsson,et al.  Electroluminescence from Substituted Poly(thiophenes) : From Blue to Near-Infrared , 1995 .

[95]  Donal D. C. Bradley,et al.  Use of poly(phenyl quinoxaline) as an electron transport material in polymer light‐emitting diodes , 1996 .

[96]  A. Greiner,et al.  Multicoloured chromophore for white‐light‐emitting diodes , 1997 .

[97]  T. Miller,et al.  Effects of Polymeric Electron Transporters and the Structure of Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) on the Performance of Light-Emitting Diodes , 1995 .

[98]  Giuseppe Zerbi,et al.  Regiospecificity and structural properties of polyalkylthiophenes , 1991 .

[99]  Alfons Penzkofer,et al.  Laser action in poly (m-phenylenevinylene-co-2,5-dioctoxy-p-phenylenevinylene)† , 1996 .

[100]  Donal D. C. Bradley,et al.  Molecularly Engineered Polymer Leds , 1993 .

[101]  Akihiko Fujii,et al.  Enhancement of Emission Efficiency in Electroluminescent Diode Utilizing Vapor-Deposited Poly(alkylfluorene) , 1993 .

[102]  Yang Yang,et al.  Polymer Electroluminescent Devices , 1997 .

[103]  Tian-An Chen,et al.  Regiocontrolled Synthesis of Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) Mediated by Rieke Zinc: Their Characterization and Solid-State Properties , 1995 .

[104]  Marie Angelopoulos,et al.  Polymeric anodes for improved polymer light-emitting diode performance , 1997 .

[105]  Ullrich Scherf,et al.  Electroluminescence and photoluminescence of conjugated polymers and oligomers , 1995, Optics & Photonics.

[106]  R. Friend,et al.  CHARGE-TRANSPORT POLYMERS FOR LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES , 1995 .

[107]  R. Friend,et al.  Emission enhancement in single-layer conjugated polymer microcavities , 1996 .

[108]  Julian Carter,et al.  Operating stability of light-emitting polymer diodes based on poly(p-phenylene vinylene) , 1997 .

[109]  R. H. Wieringa,et al.  Tuning of the photo‐ and electroluminescence in multi‐block copolymers of poly[ (silanylene)thiophene]s via exciton confinement , 1993 .

[110]  T. K. Woodward,et al.  Prospects for silicon monolithic opto-electronics with polymer light emitting diodes , 1994 .

[111]  G. Leising,et al.  Blue electroluminescent device based on a conjugated polymer , 1992 .

[112]  Taehyoung Zyung,et al.  Green electroluminescent diode from poly(2-trimethylsilyl-1,4-phenylene vinylene) , 1996 .

[113]  T. Swager,et al.  Synthesis of regioregular poly(methyl pyridinium vinylene): An isoelectronic analogue to poly(phenylene vinylene) , 1995 .

[114]  Chikayoshi Morishima,et al.  Visible and blue electroluminescent diodes utilizing poly(3-alkylthiophene)s and poly(alkylfluorene)s , 1993 .

[115]  R. Friend,et al.  A blue light emitting copolymer with charge transporting and photo-crosslinkable functional units , 1997 .

[116]  H. H. Kim,et al.  Silicon compatible organic light emitting diode , 1994 .

[117]  R. Friend,et al.  The synthesis and characterisation of some poly(2,5-dialkoxy-1,4-phenylene vinylene)s , 1993 .

[118]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Fabrication of self‐assembled multilayer heterostructure of poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) and its use for an electroluminescent diode , 1995 .

[119]  Steven Holdcroft,et al.  Structural basis for luminescence from poly(3-alkylthiophenes) , 1993, Electronic Imaging.

[120]  G. Wegner,et al.  Structural analysis of poly(3‐alkylthiophene)s , 1989 .

[121]  William R. Salaneck,et al.  Conjugated polymer surfaces and interfaces , 1997, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[122]  D. Braun,et al.  Photo- and electroluminescence efficiency in poly(dialkoxy-p-phenylenevinylene) , 1994 .

[123]  M. Herold,et al.  Preparation of light emitting diodes on flexible substrates: Elimination reaction of poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) at moderate temperatures , 1994 .

[124]  R. W. Gymer.  Organic electroluminescent displays , 1996 .

[125]  A J Heeger,et al.  Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells , 1995, Science.

[126]  H. Aziz,et al.  ELECTRIC-FIELD-INDUCED DEGRADATION OF POLY(P-PHENYLENEVINYLENE) ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES , 1997 .

[127]  M. Berggren,et al.  Polymer light-emitting diodes placed in microcavities , 1996 .

[128]  A. Wu,et al.  LEDs based on poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) and polyimide LB films , 1995 .

[129]  J. Wendorff,et al.  Light emitting diodes based on a discotic main chain polymer , 1997 .

[130]  Gang Yu,et al.  High performance photonic devices made with semiconducting polymers , 1996 .

[131]  T. Nguyen,et al.  Spectroscopic studies of the conversion of poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) precursor , 1996 .

[132]  R. Friend,et al.  The Optical, Electronic, and Electroluminescent Properties of Novel Poly(p-phenylene)-Related Polymers , 1996 .

[133]  Lewis J. Rothberg,et al.  Electrically active organic and polymeric materials for thin-film-transistor technologies , 1996 .

[134]  Dieter Neher,et al.  Polarized light emission from LEDs prepared by the Langmuir‐Blodgett technique , 1996 .

[135]  V. Percec,et al.  Synthesis of functional polyphenylenes from substituted hydroquinones via nickel(0)-catalyzed polymerization of their bismesylates , 1995 .

[136]  F. E. Karasz,et al.  The effect of radical trapping reagents upon formation of poly(α‐tetrahydrothiophenio para‐xylylene) polyelectrolytes by the wessling soluble precursor method , 1992 .

[137]  R. W. Gymer,et al.  Chemical tuning of electroluminescent copolymers to improve emission efficiencies and allow patterning , 1992, Nature.

[138]  Ullrich Scherf,et al.  Electroluminescence devices with poly(paraphenylene) and derivatives as the active material , 1993, Electronic Imaging.

[139]  F. Wudl,et al.  Novel Silicon-Substituted, Soluble Poly(phenylenevinylene)s: Enlargement of the Semiconductor Bandgap , 1994 .

[140]  Blue-green electroluminescence in copolymer based on poly(1,4-phenylene ethynylene) , 1996 .

[141]  Yutaka Ohmori,et al.  Color-Variable Light-Emitting Diode Utilizing Conducting Polymer Containing Fluorescent Dye , 1993 .

[142]  Hong-Ku Shim,et al.  Highly Improved Quantum Efficiency in Blend Polymer LEDs , 1996 .

[143]  Donal D. C. Bradley,et al.  Electroluminescent polymers: materials, physics and device engineering , 1996 .

[144]  Yang Yang,et al.  Light-emitting electrochemical cells from a blend of p- and n-type luminescent conjugated polymers , 1997 .

[145]  Mats Andersson,et al.  Plastic lasers: Semiconducting polymers as a new class of solid-state laser materials , 1997 .

[146]  Victor V. Krasnikov,et al.  Blue superradiance from neat semiconducting alternating copolymer films , 1996 .

[147]  H. Hörhold,et al.  Novel light emitting and photoconducting polyarylenevinylene derivatives containing phenylene arylamine and phenylene oxide units in the main chain , 1997 .

[148]  Göran Gustafsson,et al.  Controlling colour by voltage in polymer light emitting diodes , 1995 .

[149]  H. G. Gilch,et al.  Polymerization of α‐halogenated p‐xylenes with base , 1966 .

[150]  M. Berggren,et al.  Polythiophene polymers in light emitting diodes: making multicolour devices , 1994 .

[151]  K. Müllen,et al.  BLUE-LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES BASED ON LADDER POLYMERS OF THE PPP TYPE , 1994 .

[152]  D. Broer,et al.  Chemical vapour deposition of poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene) films , 1994 .

[153]  Donal D. C. Bradley,et al.  Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) light-emitting diodes : enhanced electroluminescent efficiency through charge carrier confinement , 1992 .

[154]  M. Kakimoto,et al.  Preparation and properties of poly-(p-phenylenevinylene) Langmuir-Blodgett film , 1989 .

[155]  Sung Tae Kim,et al.  Efficient green electroluminescent diodes based on poly (2‐dimethyloctylsilyl‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) , 1996 .

[156]  A. Heeger,et al.  Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers , 1992, Nature.

[157]  Masanori Ozaki,et al.  Observation of Superradiance in DOO-PPV films;towards ultrafast lasers. , 1997 .

[158]  Ullrich Scherf,et al.  Polyarylenes and poly(arylenevinylenes), 7. A soluble ladder polymer via bridging of functionalized poly(p‐phenylene)‐precursors , 1991 .

[159]  L. Rothberg,et al.  Design and Application of Electron-Transporting Organic Materials , 1995, Science.

[160]  Göran Gustafsson,et al.  The “plastic” led: A flexible light-emitting device using a polyaniline transparent electrode , 1993 .

[161]  B. Cumpston,et al.  In situ characterization of the oxidative degradation of a polymeric light emitting device , 1997 .

[162]  U. Scherf,et al.  Electroluminescence with Laddertype Poly(paraphenylenes) , 1995 .

[163]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Liquid Crystalline Behavior and Optical Properties of Poly(2, 5-dinonyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene) , 1994 .

[164]  Bruno Ullrich,et al.  Realization of a blue-light-emitting device using poly(p-phenylene)†‡ , 1992 .

[165]  Qibing Pei,et al.  Efficient blue polymer light‐emitting diodes from a series of soluble poly(paraphenylene)s , 1996 .

[166]  B. R. Hsieh,et al.  Fabrication and properties of light‐emitting diodes based on self‐assembled multilayers of poly(phenylene vinylene) , 1996 .

[167]  Fred Wudl,et al.  Optical properties of conducting polymers , 1988 .

[168]  Ifor D. W. Samuel,et al.  Measurement of absolute photoluminescence quantum efficiencies in conjugated polymers , 1995 .

[169]  Joseph Shinar,et al.  Photoluminescence, electroluminescence, and optically detected magnetic resonance study of 2,5-dialkoxy derivatives of poly(p-phenyleneacetylene) (PPA) and PPA-based light-emitting diodes , 1993 .

[170]  Katsumi Yoshino,et al.  Fusible Conducting Poly(9-alkylfluorene) and Poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene) and Their Characteristics , 1989 .

[171]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Conjugated liquid crystalline polymers-soluble and fusible poly(phenylenevinylene) by the Heck coupling reaction , 1993 .

[172]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Color‐variable electroluminescence from multilayer polymer films , 1996 .

[173]  R. Friend,et al.  Substituted polythiophenes : effect of substituent and regiochemistry on physical properties , 1994 .

[174]  Keiro Muro,et al.  Effects of | alkyl chain length and carrier confinement layer | on characteristics of poly(3-alkylthiophene) electroluminescent diodes , 1991 .

[175]  Dirk Vanderzande,et al.  The effect of anions on the solution behaviour of poly(xylylene tetrahydrothiophenium chloride) and on the elimination to poly(p-phenylene vinylene) , 1992 .

[176]  Jean-Luc Brédas,et al.  Influence of donor and acceptor substituents on the electronic characteristics of poly(paraphenylene vinylene) and poly(paraphenylene) , 1994 .

[177]  B. Hsieh,et al.  Light Emitting thin Film Devices Based on Self-assembled Multilayer Heterostructures of PPV , 1995 .

[178]  A J Heeger,et al.  Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells:  In Situ Formation of a Light-Emitting p-n Junction. , 1996, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[179]  M. Hamaguchi,et al.  Rubbing-Induced Molecular Orientation and Polarized Electroluminescence in Conjugated Polymer , 1995 .

[180]  J. W. Blatchford,et al.  Alternating‐current light‐emitting devices based on conjugated polymers , 1996 .

[181]  Adam,et al.  Transient photoconductivity in a discotic liquid crystal. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[182]  Manikandan Jayaraman,et al.  Design, synthesis, and control of conducting polymer architectures: structurally homogeneous poly(3-alkylthiophenes) , 1993 .

[183]  May Paul.  Polymer electronics – fact or fantasy? , 1995 .

[184]  M. Berggren,et al.  Polarized electroluminescence from an oriented substituted polythiophene in a light emitting diode , 1995 .

[185]  M. Kaneko,et al.  Vacuum-deposited poly(p-phenylene) thin film and its structure, morphology and electronic properties , 1995 .

[186]  R. H. Friend,et al.  Efficient light-emitting diodes based on polymers with high electron affinities , 1993, Nature.

[187]  Donal D. C. Bradley,et al.  Precursor route chemistry and electronic properties of poly(p-phenylenevinylene), poly[(2,5-dimethyl-p-phenylene)vinylene] and poly[(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylene)vinylene] , 1992 .

[188]  R. Friend,et al.  The synthesis of a new regioregular conjugated polymer. Poly(2-bromo-5-dodecyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene) , 1995 .

[189]  A. Heeger,et al.  Efficient, fast response light‐emitting electrochemical cells: Electroluminescent and solid electrolyte polymers with interpenetrating network morphology , 1996 .

[190]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Heterostructure Electroluminescent Diodes Prepared from Self-Assembled Multilayers of Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and Sulfonated Polyaniline , 1995 .

[191]  G. Wegner,et al.  POLY(2,5-DIALKOXY-P-PHENYLENE)S - SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES , 1994 .

[192]  Arthur J. Epstein,et al.  Novel light-emitting diodes involving heterocyclic aromatic conjugated polymers , 1995, Optics & Photonics.

[193]  F. E. Karasz,et al.  Polymer Electroluminescence Using ac or Reverse dc Biasing , 1995 .

[194]  R. Friend,et al.  The synthesis, optical and charge transport properties of poly(aromatic oxadiazole)s , 1996 .

[195]  J. C. Scott,et al.  Degradation and failure of MEH‐PPV light‐emitting diodes , 1996 .

[196]  B. Hsieh,et al.  Interlayer Interactions in Self-Assembled Poly(Phenylene Vinylene) Multilayer Heterostructures, Implications for Light-Emitting and Photorectifying Diodes , 1994 .

[197]  F. Wudl,et al.  Soluble substituted-PPV conducting polymers: spectroscopic studies , 1989 .

[198]  S. Holdcroft,et al.  Synthesis and structure-property relationships of regioirregular poly(3-hexylthiophenes) , 1993 .

[199]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Electroluminescence in molecularly doped conducting polymer , 1994 .

[200]  M. Berggren,et al.  Regioselective polymerization of 3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene with FeCl3 , 1994 .

[201]  D. Gin,et al.  ORDERED POLY(P-PHENYLENEVINYLENE) MATRIX NANOCOMPOSITES VIA LYOTROPIC LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE MONOMERS , 1997 .

[202]  G. Leising,et al.  Electroluminescence of “wide-bandgap” chemically tunable cyclic conjugated polymers , 1993 .

[203]  R. W. Jackson,et al.  Chemical tuning of the electronic properties of poly(p-phenylenevinylene)-based copolymers , 1993 .

[204]  G. Wegner,et al.  STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLY(2,5-DI-N-DODECYL-1,4-PHENYLENE) DEPENDING ON CHAIN-LENGTH , 1995 .

[205]  R. Friend,et al.  Blue-Shifted Electroluminescence From a Stable Precursor to Poly(p-Phenylene Vinylene) , 1992 .

[206]  A. Heeger,et al.  Improved efficiency in green polymer light-emitting diodes with air-stable electrodes , 1994 .

[207]  Keiro Muro,et al.  Visible-Light Electroluminescent Diodes Utilizing Poly(3-alkylthiophene) , 1991 .

[208]  R. Friend,et al.  Electroluminescence in poly(3-alkylthienylene)s , 1993 .

[209]  T. M. Klapwijk,et al.  Efficient blue LEDs from a partially conjugated Si‐containing PPV copolymer in a double‐layer configuration , 1997 .

[210]  Richard H. Friend,et al.  Effect of metal films on the photoluminescence and electroluminescence of conjugated polymers , 1997 .

[211]  Tetsuo Tsutsui,et al.  Electroluminescence in Organic Films with Three-Layer Structure , 1988 .

[212]  U. Scherf,et al.  Poly(arylenes) and poly(arylenevinylenes). 11. A modified two-step route to soluble phenylene-type ladder polymers , 1992 .

[213]  George G. Malliaras,et al.  Color tuning of poly[(silanylene)thiophene] block copolymers , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[214]  Katsumi Yoshino,et al.  Synthesis of fusible and soluble conducting polyfluorene derivatives and their characteristics , 1993 .

[215]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Three‐layered multicolor organic electroluminescent device , 1996 .

[216]  Manikandan Jayaraman,et al.  The first synthesis and new properties of regioregular, head-to-tail coupled polythiophenes , 1995 .

[217]  F. E. Karasz,et al.  Preparation of poly(phenylene vinylene) from cycloalkylene sulfonium salt monomers and polymers , 1988 .

[218]  M. Herold,et al.  Tailoring of the electrical and optical properties of poly (p-phenylene vinylene) , 1996 .

[219]  R. Friend,et al.  Synthesis and characterisation of doped and undoped poly(2,5-dimethoxy phenylene vinylene) , 1991 .

[220]  David G Lidzey,et al.  Characterization of the emission from a conjugated polymer microcavity , 1996 .

[221]  J. Salbeck.  Electroluminescence with organic compounds , 1996 .

[222]  Andrew B. Holmes,et al.  Light-emitting polymer LEDs , 1994, Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering.

[223]  Nikolay N. Barashkov,et al.  Synthesis and optical properties of oligo- and poly(2,5-dialkoxy-1,4-para-phenylenevinylene)s , 1995 .

[224]  K. Kaeriyama,et al.  Substituted poly(p-phenylene)s prepared from 2,5-diheptylbenzene-1,4-bis(trimethylene boronate) , 1997 .

[225]  J. C. Scott,et al.  MEH-PPV Light-Emitting Diodes: Mechanisms of Failure , 1996 .

[226]  I. A. Hümmelgen,et al.  Tin oxide as a transparent electrode material for light-emitting diodes fabricated with poly (p-phenylene vinylene) , 1996 .

[227]  I. Shirley,et al.  Synthesis of polyphenylene from a cis-dihydrocatechol biologically produced monomer , 1988 .

[228]  Ian D. Parker,et al.  Carrier tunneling and device characteristics in polymer light‐emitting diodes , 1994 .

[229]  A. J. Lovinger,et al.  Luminescence Enhancement by the Introduction of Disorder into Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) , 1995, Science.

[230]  J. Stampfl,et al.  Stable poly(p-phenylene)s and their application in organic light engtting devices , 1994 .

[231]  R. Friend,et al.  A New Type of Blue-Light-Emitting Electroluminescent Polymer , 1995 .

[232]  Hong-Ku Shim,et al.  Novel blue electroluminescent polymers with well-defined conjugation length , 1995 .

[233]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Polarized electroluminescence from rubbing‐aligned poly(2,5‐dinonyloxy‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) films , 1995 .

[234]  Christoph Weder,et al.  Efficient Solid-State Photoluminescence in New Poly(2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenyleneethynylene)s , 1996 .

[235]  D. R. Mckean,et al.  The electrical properties of poly(5,6-dihydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1,4-ylene) derivatives , 1987 .

[236]  M. Kakimoto,et al.  Heterostructural Electroluminescent Devices Based on Poly (P-Phenylenevinylene) and Polyimide LB Films , 1995 .

[237]  James R. Sheats,et al.  Singlet Oxygen as a Reactive Intermediate in the Photodegradation of an Electroluminescent Polymer , 1995 .

[238]  Andrew B. Holmes,et al.  Electroluminescence from multilayer conjugated polymer devices--spatial control of exciton formation and emission , 1993, Electronic Imaging.

[239]  R. Friend,et al.  Hole-transporting compounds for multi-layer polymer light-emitting diodes , 1993 .

[240]  A. Bolognesi,et al.  Modified poly(3-alkyltmophene) for led preparation , 1994 .

[241]  Unique Electroluminescent Characteristics of Light-Emitting Diode Utilizing Poly(3-alkylthiophene) Containing Fluorescent Dye , 1995 .

[242]  Masanori Ozaki,et al.  Mirrorless Lasing in Conducting Polymer poly(2,5-dioctyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene) Films , 1996 .

[243]  Yang Yang,et al.  Efficient Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence from a Soluble Polyfluorene , 1996 .

[244]  R. Friend.  Semiconductor device physics with conjugated polymers , 1990 .

[245]  R. W. Jackson,et al.  Photoluminescence and electroluminescence in conjugated polymeric systems , 1993 .

[246]  R. Janssen,et al.  CIRCULARLY POLARIZED ELECTROLUMINESCENCE FROM A POLYMER LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE , 1997 .

[247]  R. Rieke,et al.  The first regioregular head-to-tail poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and a regiorandom isopolymer: nickel versus palladium catalysis of 2(5)-bromo-5(2)-(bromozincio)-3-hexylthiophene polymerization , 1992 .

[248]  N. T. Harrison,et al.  Electronic Processes of Conjugated Polymers in Semiconductor Device Structures , 1997 .

[249]  R. Friend,et al.  The synthesis and crosslinking of substituted regioregular polythiophenes , 1996 .

[250]  Keiro Muro,et al.  Blue Electroluminescent Diodes Utilizing Poly(alkylfluorene) , 1991 .

[251]  Timothy M. Swager,et al.  Five-layered symmetrically configured ac light-emitting (SCALE) devices and their three-layered variations: use of gold as an electron and hole injection electrode , 1995, Optics & Photonics.

[252]  Thomas J. Barton,et al.  Poly(p-phenyleneacetylene)-based light-emitting diodes , 1993, Electronic Imaging.

[253]  Franco Cacialli,et al.  Novel poly(arylene vinylene)s carrying donor and acceptor substituents , 1996 .

[254]  Spectral narrowing in DOO-PPV films: Superradiance or Amplified Spontaneous Emission? , 1997 .

[255]  R. Friend,et al.  Lasing characteristics of PPV microcavities , 1997 .

[256]  A. Heeger,et al.  Electroluminescence and electrical transport in poly(3‐octylthiophene) diodes , 1992 .

[257]  Christoph Weder,et al.  Solid State Structure and Photoluminescence properties of poly(2,5-dialkoxy- p -phenyleneethynylene)s , 1995 .

[258]  W. Riess,et al.  Polymer light emitting diodes , 1996 .

[259]  Dirk Vanderzande,et al.  The synthesis of poly(1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives: an adaptation of the wessling route , 1992 .

[260]  Ullrich Scherf,et al.  Highly efficient electroluminescence of new wide band gap ladder‐type poly(para‐phenylenes) , 1996 .

[261]  Alan J. Heeger,et al.  Blue emission from polymer light-emitting diodes using non-conjugated polymer blends with air-stable electrodes , 1995 .

[262]  Timothy M. Miller,et al.  The Role of Carbonyl Groups in the Photoluminescence of Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) , 1994 .

[263]  M. Rubner,et al.  New electro-active self-assembled multilayer thin films based on alternately adsorbed layers of polyelectrolytes and functional dye molecules , 1997 .

[264]  Donal D. C. Bradley,et al.  A glass‐forming conjugated main‐chain liquid crystal polymer for polarized electroluminescence applications , 1997 .

[265]  Alan J. Heeger,et al.  Enhanced electroluminescence from semiconducting polymer blends , 1995 .

[266]  Mats Andersson,et al.  Semiconducting Polymers: A New Class of Solid-State Laser Materials , 1996, Science.

[267]  R. Neumann,et al.  Tunable electroluminescence and photoluminescence in phenylenevinylene‐naphthylenevinylene copolymers** , 1995 .

[268]  A. Heeger,et al.  “Inverted” polymer light-Emitting diodes on cylindrical metal substrates* , 1995 .

[269]  Mats Andersson,et al.  Photoluminescence and electroluminescence of films from soluble PPV-polymers , 1997 .

[270]  R. Friend,et al.  Electroluminescence from multilayer conjugated polymer devices: Spatial control of exciton formation and emission , 1992 .

[271]  A. Heeger,et al.  Improved efficiency in semiconducting polymer light-emitting diodes , 1991 .

[272]  Ullrich Scherf,et al.  Polyarylenes and poly(arylenevinylene)s, 9 The oxidized states of a (1,4‐phenylene) ladder polymer , 1992 .

[273]  Q. Pei,et al.  Solid state polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells: Recent developments , 1997 .

[274]  A. Epstein,et al.  Application of polyaniline (emeraldine base, EB) in polymer light-emitting devices , 1996 .

[275]  R. N. Marks,et al.  Light-emitting diodes fabricated with conjugated polymers — recent progress , 1994 .

[276]  R. H. Friend,et al.  Lasing from conjugated-polymer microcavities , 1996, Nature.

[277]  R. Friend,et al.  Polymer electroluminesence in the near infra-red , 1994 .

[278]  I. Parker,et al.  Fabrication of polymer light‐emitting diodes using doped silicon electrodes , 1994 .

[279]  Young-eun Kim,et al.  Enhanced quantum efficiency in polymer electroluminescence devices by inserting a tunneling barrier formed by Langmuir–Blodgett films , 1996 .

[280]  Y. Hamada,et al.  Molecular design of organic dyes for thin-film electroluminescent diodes , 1993 .

[281]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Emission enhancement in electroluminescent diode utilizing poly(3-alkylthiophene) doped with oxadiazole derivative , 1995 .

[282]  V. Percec,et al.  Regioregular and Regioirregular Poly(p-phenylene)s via Ni(0)-Catalyzed Homocoupling of Arylene Bismesylates , 1996 .

[283]  Steven Holdcroft,et al.  Grignard synthesis of π-conjugated poly(3-alkylthiophenes) : controlling molecular weights and the nature of terminal units , 1992 .

[284]  P. Strohriegl,et al.  Dendrimers with 1,3,4‐oxadiazole units, 1. Synthesis and characterization , 1996 .