Analysis of grating couplers for planar dielectric waveguides

Output and input grating couplers for step index planar dielectric waveguides are investigated taking into account the interaction between a guided mode with a finite number of radiative and an infinite number of nonradiative space harmonics. For transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes, and for shallow gratings of arbitrary profiles located at either the upper or the lower guide surface, the governing equation for the slowly varying amplitude of the guided wave is deduced, and therefrom the real and the imaginary parts of the correction to the wave number of unperturbed guide are evaluated, the power conservation relation is established, and the output and the input coupling efficiencies are defined. For the input coupler, the excitation by a two‐dimensional radiation beam is also included. The role of the space harmonics which, like the guided wave, carry power along the guide in modifying the real and the imaginary parts of the wave number of the guided wave is discussed. The effect of the cho...

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