Quantum electrodynamics of strong fields

Up to now, our considerations in this book have mainly treated the behaviour of electrons (or positrons) under the influence of weak perturbations. In this chapter we want to deal with phenomena that occur in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields.

[1]  H. Specht,et al.  Impact-parameter dependence of noncharacteristic radiation emitted in 35-MeV Cl--Cl collisions , 1976 .

[2]  J. Weinberg,et al.  On The Existence of Stationary States of the Mesotron Field , 1940 .

[3]  M. Kleber,et al.  Semiclassical theory of positron emission in transient supercritical atoms , 1976 .

[4]  B. Müller,et al.  Magnetic Splitting of Quasimolecular Electronic States in Strong Fields , 1976 .

[5]  P. Dirac.  The quantum theory of the electron , 1928 .

[6]  H. Betz,et al.  Spectral Shape and Cross Section of Molecular-Orbital X-Ray Continua from Heavy-Ion Collisions , 1975 .

[7]  B. Dewitt,et al.  Quantum field theory in curved spacetime , 1975 .

[8]  B. Müller,et al.  Solution of the Dirac Equation for Scalar Potentials and its Implications in Atomic Physics , 1973 .

[9]  V. Oberacker,et al.  Derivation of a coupling potential for Coulomb-nuclear interference effects , 1974 .

[10]  R. Cahn,et al.  Analytic Calculation to All Orders in Z-alpha of Nuclear Size Effects in Vacuum Polarization , 1974 .

[11]  Max Born,et al.  Foundations of the new field theory , 1934 .

[12]  W. M. Coates.  The Production of X-Rays by Swiftly Moving Mercury Ions , 1934 .

[13]  T. D. Lee,et al.  Vacuum Stability and Vacuum Excitation in a Spin 0 Field Theory , 1974 .

[14]  W. Heisenberg,et al.  Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons , 1936 .

[15]  Rudolph E. Langer,et al.  On the Connection Formulas and the Solutions of the Wave Equation , 1937 .

[16]  M. Suter,et al.  Two-Electron-One-Photon Transitions in Heavy-Ion Collisions , 1975 .

[17]  W. Greiner,et al.  Internal pair creation induced by nuclear coulomb excitation in heavy-ion collisions , 1976 .

[18]  H. Wieman,et al.  K -shell ionization of Pb at zero impact parameter in 50- to 100- MeV Cl + Pb collisions , 1974 .

[19]  E. A. Uehling.  Polarization effects in the positron theory , 1935 .

[20]  T. Damour,et al.  Black-hole evaporation in the Klein-Sauter-Heisenberg-Euler formalism , 1976 .

[21]  B. Müller,et al.  Spontaneous vacuum decay of supercritical nuclear composites , 1978 .

[22]  H. Levy,et al.  IMPACT IONIZATION IN THE PROTON--H-ATOM SYSTEM. I. THEORY. , 1969 .

[23]  N. Kroll,et al.  Vacuum Polarization in a Strong Coulomb Field , 1954 .

[24]  F. London,et al.  Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und homöopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik , 1927 .

[25]  J. Reinhardt,et al.  Nuclear bremsstrahlung and electron-positron pair creation in heavy-ion collisions , 1976 .

[26]  A. B. Migdal,et al.  Vacuum polarization in strong inhomogeneous fields , 1973 .

[27]  G. Rinker,et al.  Vacuum polarization in high-Z, finite-size nuclei , 1973 .

[28]  W. Greiner,et al.  On the chemistry of superheavy elements around Z = 164☆ , 1969 .

[29]  G. Rinker,et al.  Vacuum polarization in strong, realistic electric fields , 1975 .

[30]  J. M. Irvine.  Pion condensation and other abnormal states of matter , 1975 .

[31]  P. Gippner,et al.  Quasimolecular KX-ray excitation by bombarding La targets with La and Xe ions , 1975 .

[32]  K. Nikolsky.  Das Oszillatorproblem nach der Diracschen Theorie , 1930 .

[33]  B. Müller,et al.  Critical discussion of the vacuum polarization measurements in muonic atoms , 1974 .

[34]  W. Greiner,et al.  Electrons in strong external fields , 1971 .

[35]  J. Briggs,et al.  Collision broadening and molecular orbital X-rays. II , 1974 .

[36]  B. Müller,et al.  Stabilization of the Charged Vacuum Created by Very Strong Electrical Fields in Nuclear Matter , 1975 .

[37]  M. Gyulassy.  Higher Order Vacuum Polarization for Finite Radius Nuclei: Application to Muonic Lead and Heavy Ion Collisions. , 1974 .

[38]  M. Gyulassy.  Nuclear-size effects on vacuum polarization in muonic Pb , 1974 .

[39]  D. Scalapino,et al.  Pion condensation in superdense nuclear matter , 1973 .

[40]  Julian Schwinger,et al.  On gauge invariance and vacuum polarization , 1951 .

[41]  B. Müller,et al.  Limiting charge for electrostatic point sources , 1981 .

[42]  B. Müller,et al.  Theory of induced molecular-orbital K x rays in heavy-ion collisions , 1974 .

[43]  W. Greiner,et al.  Lower Bound to Limiting Fields in Nonlinear Electrodynamics , 1973 .

[44]  C. Darwin,et al.  The wave equations of the electron , 1928 .

[45]  H. Backe,et al.  Estimates of the nuclear time delay in dissipative U+U and U+Cm collisions derived from the shape of positron and delta-ray spectra , 1983 .

[46]  S. Hawking.  Particle creation by black holes , 1975 .

[47]  F. Masnou-Seeuws,et al.  Common trajectory methods for the calculation of differential cross sections for inelastic transitions in atom(ion)-atom collisions. II. Application to proton--hydrogen scattering , 1975 .

[48]  W. H. Furry.  ON BOUND STATES AND SCATTERING IN POSITRON THEORY , 1951 .

[49]  M. Gyulassy,et al.  Critical scattering and pionic instabilities in heavy ion collisions , 1977 .

[50]  N. Panchapakesan.  Charge distribution around a nucleus with Z 137 , 1971 .

[51]  W. E. Meyerhof.  K-vacancy production in symmetric heavy-ion collisions , 1974 .

[52]  D. R. Bates,et al.  Electron capture in slow collisions , 1958, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[53]  A. Klein,et al.  Stability of the Vacuum and Quantization of the Electron-Positron Field for Strong External Fields , 1973 .

[54]  E. L. Hill,et al.  A Note on the One-Electron States of Diatomic Molecules , 1949 .

[55]  J. Reinhardt,et al.  Shakeoff of the Vacuum Polarization in Quasimolecular Collisions of Very Heavy Ions , 1977 .

[56]  B. Müller,et al.  Auto-ionization of positrons in heavy ion collisions , 1972 .

[57]  R. Haroutunian,et al.  Angular correlation and nuclear orientation study of 131 I populated in the decay of 131 Te m , 1975 .

[58]  P. Woerlee,et al.  An estimate of direct Coulomb K-shell vacancy production in heavy ion-atom collisions , 1976 .

[59]  R. Cahn,et al.  Vacuum polarization in a strong Coulomb field. I. Induced point charge , 1975 .

[60]  Sidney D. Drell,et al.  Relativistic Quantum Fields , 1965 .

[61]  H. Stöcker,et al.  On the possibility of electronic compression waves in heavy ion collisions , 1977 .

[62]  R. Flocchini,et al.  Evidence for Primordial Superheavy Elements , 1976 .

[63]  B. Müller,et al.  Nuclear time delay in resonant heavy ion collisions , 1984 .

[64]  S. Hawking,et al.  Black hole explosions? , 1974, Nature.

[65]  B. Müller,et al.  Transition rates of electrons in superheavy elements , 1977 .

[66]  P. Vincent,et al.  Observation of a peak structure in positron spectra from U+Cm collisions , 1983 .

[67]  B. Müller,et al.  Induced radiative transitions of intermediate molecules in heavy ion collisions , 1974 .

[68]  F. Stary,et al.  Quasimolecular K X-ray excitation by bombardment of Ge atoms with Ge ions , 1974 .

[69]  B. Müller,et al.  Spectroscopy of superheavy two centre orbitals , 1975 .

[70]  M. Gyulassy.  Vacuum Polarization in Heavy Ion Collisions , 1974 .

[71]  W. Lichten,et al.  Extension of the Electron-Promotion Model to Asymmetric Atomic Collisions , 1972 .

[72]  H. Backe,et al.  Positrons from 1.4-GeV Uranium-Atom Collisions , 1979 .

[73]  B. Müller,et al.  Electron wave functions in over-critical electrostatic potentials , 1973 .

[74]  M. Gyulassy,et al.  Pion condensation in heavy ion collisions , 1976 .

[75]  H. Pauli,et al.  Phase factors in bases for solutions of time-dependent schrödinger equations , 1976 .

[76]  M. Delbrück.  Note added in proof by M. Delbrück , 1933 .

[77]  W. Greiner,et al.  Nuclear Shock Waves in Heavy-Ion Collisions , 1974 .

[78]  Ya. B. Zel'Dovich,et al.  Electronic structure of superheavy atoms , 1972 .

[79]  W. Greiner,et al.  Investigation of the collective potential-energy-surface , 1968 .

[80]  W. Greiner,et al.  On the stability of superheavy nuclei against fission , 1969 .

[81]  P. Vincent,et al.  Nucleus-Nucleus Bremsstrahlung from Heavy-Ion Collisions , 1976 .

[82]  J. Hofmann,et al.  Physik der Kernmaterie bei hohen Dichten , 1976 .

[83]  R. Anholt,et al.  Doppler shift of continuum x rays from heavy-ion collisions , 1975 .

[84]  R. Anholt.  On the separated-atom Lorentzian contribution to the molecular-orbital X-ray yield , 1976 .

[85]  G. Kraft,et al.  Anisotropic emission of noncharacteristic x rays from low-energy I--Au collisions , 1974 .

[86]  E. Hylleraas.  Über die Elektronenterme des Wasserstoffmoleküls , 1931 .

[87]  R. Serber.  Linear Modifications in the Maxwell Field Equations , 1935 .

[88]  A. Layzer.  PROPERTIES OF THE ONE-PARTICLE GREEN'S FUNCTION FOR NONUNIFORM MANY-FERMION SYSTEMS , 1963 .

[89]  W. Greiner,et al.  Solution of the Dirac equation with two Coulomb centres , 1973 .

[90]  B. Hoffmann,et al.  On the Choice of the Action Function in the New Field Theory , 1937 .

[91]  W. Greiner,et al.  Superheavy elements and nonlinear electrodynamics , 1973 .

[92]  B. Müller,et al.  Theory of positron production in heavy-ion collisions , 1981 .

[93]  W. Greiner,et al.  Electron slip influence on quasimolecular X-rays in heavy ion collisions , 1977 .

[94]  W. Greiner,et al.  Interior electron shells in superheavy nuclei , 1969 .

[95]  H. Stein,et al.  X Rays from Superheavy Quasiatoms Transiently Formed during Heavy-Ion—Atom Collisions , 1972 .

[96]  J. Briggs,et al.  Inner-shell excitation in heteronuclear collisions. I. Orbitals and couplings in a molecular basis , 1975 .

[97]  G. Ghirardi,et al.  Decay theory of unstable quantum systems , 1978 .

[98]  P. Armbruster,et al.  Experimental confirmation of a scaling law for the 1ssigma excitation probability for Z/sub 1/+Z/sub 2/>120, and its breakdown in Pb+Cm collisions at very small internuclear distances , 1980 .

[99]  W. Greiner,et al.  Induced Decay of the Neutral Vaccum in Overcritical Fields Occurring in Heavy-Ion Collisions , 1974 .

[100]  W. Weg,et al.  RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS BETWEEN QUASIMOLECULAR LEVELS DURING ENERGETIC ATOM-- ATOM COLLISIONS. , 1972 .

[101]  F. Masnou-Seeuws,et al.  Common trajectory methods for the calculation of differential cross sections for inelastic transitions in atom(ion)-atom collisions. I. General theory , 1975 .

[102]  A. Akhiezer,et al.  QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS. , 1965 .

[103]  N. F. Sir Mott,et al.  The theory of atomic collisions , 1933 .

[104]  F. Larkins.  Correlation diagrams: their use in the interpretation of heavy ion-atom inelastic collisions , 1972 .

[105]  B. Müller,et al.  Precise Values for Critical Fields in Quantum Electrodynamics , 1974 .

[106]  W. Johnson,et al.  LAMB SHIFT AND BINDING ENERGIES OF K ELECTRONS IN HEAVY ATOMS. , 1971 .

[107]  A modification of the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition , 1975 .

[108]  W. Greiner,et al.  Internal pair formation following Coulomb excitation of heavy nuclei , 1976 .

[109]  B. Fricke,et al.  Precise calculations of atomic electron binding energies in fermium , 1972 .

[110]  G. Kraft,et al.  Emitter velocity and anisotropy for quasi-molecular radiation in I-Au collisions , 1976 .

[111]  U. Wille,et al.  Variable-screening model for the quasimolecular treatment of ion-atom collisions , 1975 .

[112]  W. Frank,et al.  The Doppler shift and anisotropy of quasimolecular X-rays emitted in Nb+Nb collisions at 67 MeV , 1976 .

[113]  B. Muller.  Positron Creation in Superheavy Quasi-Molecules , 1976 .

[114]  B. Müller,et al.  Direct formation of quasimolecular 1ssigma vacancies in uranium-uranium collisions , 1976 .

[115]  J. Goldstone,et al.  Field theories with « Superconductor » solutions , 1961 .

[116]  D. Christodoulou,et al.  Reversible transformations of a charged black hole , 1971 .

[117]  W. Lichten.  Molecular-orbital x rays , 1974 .

[118]  E. Grosse,et al.  Radiative capture and bremsstrahlung of bound electrons induced by heavy ions , 1973 .

[119]  G. Bastard,et al.  Resonant acceptor levels in zero-gap semiconductors under uniaxial stress , 1976 .

[120]  H. Backe,et al.  Observation of Positron Creation in Superheavy Ion-Atom Collision Systems , 1978 .

[121]  F. Beck,et al.  Bemerkungen zum Kleinschen Paradoxon , 1963 .

[122]  W. L. Wang,et al.  Single-particle resonances in the unified theory of nuclear reactions , 1970 .

[123]  R. Dreizler,et al.  Thomas-Fermi potentials for quasimolecular collision processes , 1976 .

[124]  Bethge,et al.  Observation of correlated narrow-peak structures in positron and electron spectra from superheavy collision systems. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[125]  F. Sauter.  Zum „Kleinschen Paradoxon“ , 1932 .

[126]  K. Helfrich.  Constants of motion for separable one-particle problems with cylinder symmetry , 1972 .

[127]  B. Müller,et al.  Solution of the Dirac Equation for Strong External Fields , 1972 .

[128]  O. Klein,et al.  Die Reflexion von Elektronen an einem Potentialsprung nach der relativistischen Dynamik von Dirac , 1929 .

[129]  M. Suter,et al.  Periodic Anisotropy Fluctuations in Quasimolecular X-Ray Emission , 1976 .

[130]  Johann Rafelski,et al.  Electron shells in over-critical external fields , 1972 .

[131]  R. Anholt,et al.  Theoretical x-ray transition probabilities for high-Z superheavy elements , 1974 .

[132]  B. Müller,et al.  Radiative transitions induced in heavy-ion collisions , 1976 .

[133]  B. Müller,et al.  Dynamical theory of intermediate molecular phenomena in heavy ion scattering , 1975 .

[134]  B. Müller,et al.  Superheavy electronic molecules , 1972 .

[135]  D. Rein.  Über den Grundzustand überschwerer Atome , 1969 .

[136]  U. Fano.  Effects of Configuration Interaction on Intensities and Phase Shifts , 1961 .

[137]  R. McEachran,et al.  Relativistic Theory of H2 , 1969 .

[138]  W. Gordon.  Die Energieniveaus des Wasserstoffatoms nach der Diracschen Quantentheorie des Elektrons , 1928 .

[139]  P. Gippner,et al.  An investigation of quasimolecularKX-radiation emitted in Nb+Nb and Ni+Ni collisions , 1976 .

[140]  W. Greiner,et al.  Shock waves and mach cones in fast nucleus-nucleus collisions , 1975 .

[141]  B. Müller,et al.  Stability and decay of the Dirac vacuum in external gauge fields , 1982 .

[142]  V. S. Popov,et al.  Spontaneous production of positrons in collisions of heavy nuclei , 1973 .

[143]  J. Reinhardt,et al.  Delta-electron emission in deep-inelastic heavy-ion collisions , 1979 .

[144]  Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac,et al.  A Theory of Electrons and Protons , 1930 .

[145]  B. Müller,et al.  Particles in a stationary spherically symmetric gravitational field , 1977 .

[146]  A. Migdal.  Phase transition in nuclear matter and multiparticle nuclear forces , 1973 .

[147]  T. D. Lee,et al.  Abnormal nuclear states and vacuum excitation , 1975 .

[148]  G. E. Brown,et al.  Lamb shift of a tightly bound electron I. Method , 1959, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[149]  W. Greiner,et al.  SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS AND AN UPPER LIMIT TO THE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH. , 1971 .

[150]  W. Little,et al.  Observation OfZ=70QuasiatomicKX Rays From 30- And 60-MeVBr+35Br35Collisions , 1973 .

[151]  N. Deruelle,et al.  Quantum and classical relativistic energy states in stationary geometries , 1974 .

[152]  Peter J. Mohr,et al.  Numerical evaluation of the 1S12-state radiative level shift , 1974 .

[153]  K. Heinig,et al.  Intermediate L-K molecular-orbital radiation from heavy ion collisions , 1976 .

[154]  R. Cahn,et al.  Vacuum polarization in a strong Coulomb field. II. Short-distance corrections , 1975 .

[155]  P. Vincent,et al.  Evidence for Quasimolecular K X-Ray Emission in Heavy-Ion Collisions from the Observation of the X-Ray Directional Anisotropy , 1974 .

[156]  S. G. Thompson,et al.  Stability of superheavy nuclei and their possible occurrence in nature , 1969 .

[157]  B. Müller,et al.  The charged vacuum in over-critical fields , 1974 .

[158]  W. Johnson,et al.  Self-energy corrections to the K-electron binding in heavy and superheavy atoms , 1976 .

[159]  E. Teller.  über das Wasserstoffmolekülion , 1930 .

[160]  D. J. Pegg,et al.  Differences in the Production of Noncharacteristic Radiation in Gaseous and Solid Targets , 1976 .

[161]  B. Müller,et al.  Limiting charge for point nuclei , 1980 .

[162]  M. E. Rose,et al.  Relativistic Electron Theory , 1961 .

[163]  M. Sundaresan,et al.  Higher-Order Vacuum Polarization Corrections in Muonic Atoms , 1972 .

[164]  A. Klein,et al.  Remarks concerning a model field theory suggested by quantum electrodynamics in a strong electric field , 1974 .

[165]  Y. Zel’dovich,et al.  The critical charge of the nucleus and the vacuum polarization , 1969 .

[166]  J. Schwinger.  The Theory of Quantized Fields. VI , 1954 .

[167]  W. Lichten,et al.  Interpretation of Ar + -Ar Collisions at 50 KeV , 1965 .

[168]  B. Müller,et al.  Autoionization spectra of positrons in heavy-ion collisions , 1973 .

[169]  G. Erickson.  IMPROVED LAMB-SHIFT CALCULATION FOR ALL VALUES OF Z. , 1971 .