Design, fabrication and characterization of Computer Generated Holograms for anti-counterfeiting applications using OAM beams as light decoders

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication and optical characterization of computer-generated holograms (CGH) encoding information for light beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). Through the use of a numerical code, based on an iterative Fourier transform algorithm, a phase-only diffractive optical element (PO-DOE) specifically designed for OAM illumination has been computed, fabricated and tested. In order to shape the incident beam into a helicoidal phase profile and generate light carrying phase singularities, a method based on transmission through high-order spiral phase plates (SPPs) has been used. The phase pattern of the designed holographic DOEs has been fabricated using high-resolution Electron-Beam Lithography (EBL) over glass substrates coated with a positive photoresist layer (polymethylmethacrylate). To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first attempt, in a comprehensive work, to design, fabricate and characterize computer-generated holograms encoding information for structured light carrying OAM and phase singularities. These optical devices appear promising as high-security optical elements for anti-counterfeiting applications.

[1]  Pascal Picart,et al.  New techniques in digital holography , 2015 .

[2]  Friedrich-Karl Bruder,et al.  New recording materials for the holographic industry , 2009, OPTO.

[3]  Gianluca Ruffato,et al.  Compact sorting of optical vortices by means of diffractive transformation optics. , 2017, Optics letters.

[4]  M. Padgett,et al.  Orbital angular momentum: origins, behavior and applications , 2011 .

[5]  L. Marrucci,et al.  Optical spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion in inhomogeneous anisotropic media. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[6]  G Tricoles,et al.  Computer generated holograms: an historical review. , 1987, Applied optics.

[7]  Dejan Pantelić,et al.  High-resolution dot-matrix hologram generation , 2012 .

[8]  Miles J Padgett,et al.  Light beams with fractional orbital angular momentum and their vortex structure. , 2008, Optics express.

[9]  H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop,et al.  Laser beams with phase singularities , 1992 .

[10]  Bahram Javidi,et al.  Roadmap on optical security , 2016 .

[11]  R. Gerchberg.  A practical algorithm for the determination of phase from image and diffraction plane pictures , 1972 .

[12]  James R. Fienup,et al.  Iterative Method Applied To Image Reconstruction And To Computer-Generated Holograms , 1980 .

[13]  Gianluca Ruffato,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of high-quality spiral phase plates for optical applications , 2015 .

[14]  D. Gauthier,et al.  High-dimensional quantum cryptography with twisted light , 2014, 1402.7113.

[15]  Alexander Jesacher,et al.  Quantitative imaging of complex samples by spiral phase contrast microscopy. , 2006, Optics express.

[16]  Gianluca Ruffato,et al.  Diffractive optics for combined spatial- and mode- division demultiplexing of optical vortices: design, fabrication and optical characterization , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[17]  S. Yeh,et al.  Optical configuration and color-representation range of a variable-pitch dot matrix holographic printer. , 2000, Applied optics.

[18]  Volker Westphal,et al.  A STED microscope aligned by design. , 2009, Optics express.

[19]  O. Bryngdahl,et al.  Iterative Fourier-transform algorithm applied to computer holography , 1988 .

[20]  D. Gabor.  A New Microscopic Principle , 1948, Nature.

[21]  F. Romanato,et al.  Generation of high-order Laguerre-Gaussian modes by means of spiral phase plates. , 2014, Optics letters.

[22]  A. Vaziri,et al.  Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons , 2001, Nature.

[23]  Bahram Javidi,et al.  Advances in optical security systems , 2014 .

[24]  Pavel Fiala,et al.  Design of binary phase-only diffractive optical elements for laser beam shaping , 2000, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[25]  Y Ichioka,et al.  Fabrication of multilevel phase computer-generated hologram elements based on effective medium theory. , 2000, Applied optics.

[26]  Andrew G. Glen,et al.  APPL , 2001 .

[27]  M. Padgett,et al.  Orbital Angular Momentum , 2015, Mathematical Optics.

[28]  Pavel Fiala,et al.  Iterative Fourier transform algorithm: different approaches to diffractive optical element design , 2002, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[29]  Pavel Fiala,et al.  Laser beam shaping by binary and multilevel phase-only diffractive optical elements , 2001, Optics + Photonics.

[30]  P. Picart.  New Techniques in Digital Holography: Picart/New Techniques in Digital Holography , 2015 .

[31]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  Information authentication using an optical dielectric metasurface , 2017 .

[32]  B Javidi,et al.  Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding. , 1995, Optics letters.

[33]  Michael Atlan,et al.  New Techniques in Digital Holography: Picart/New Techniques in Digital Holography , 2015 .

[34]  Miles J. Padgett,et al.  Tweezers with a twist , 2011 .

[35]  J. P. Woerdman,et al.  Astigmatic laser mode converters and transfer of orbital angular momentum , 1993 .

[36]  Olof Bryngdahl,et al.  On the quantization of holograms with the iterative Fourier transform algorithm , 1997 .

[37]  Wen Chen,et al.  Optically secured information retrieval using two authenticated phase-only masks , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[38]  Tomáš Čižmár,et al.  Shaping the future of manipulation , 2011 .

[39]  Mark A Foster,et al.  Compressive fluorescence imaging using a multi-core fiber and spatially dependent scattering. , 2017, Optics letters.

[40]  L. Marrucci,et al.  The orbital angular momentum of light: genesis and evolution of the concept and of the associated photonic technology , 2013 .

[41]  J. P. Woerdman,et al.  Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes. , 1992, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[42]  Giuseppe Vallone,et al.  Role of beam waist in Laguerre-Gauss expansion of vortex beams. , 2016, Optics letters.

[43]  Gianluca Ruffato,et al.  Spiral phase plates with radial discontinuities for the generation of multiring orbital angular momentum beams: fabrication, characterization, and application , 2015 .

[44]  A. Willner,et al.  Terabit-Scale Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexing in Fibers , 2013, Science.

[45]  Bahram Javidi,et al.  Optical security and authentication using nanoscale and thin-film structures , 2017 .

[46]  Younan Xia,et al.  Nanofabrication at high throughput and low cost. , 2010, ACS nano.

[47]  Tanja Sušec,et al.  Historical Review , 1917, Acta Cytologica.

[48]  M. [Sbreve]KEREN,et al.  Iterative Fourier transform algorithm: comparison of various approaches , 2002 .

[49]  J. Goodman.  Introduction to Fourier optics , 1969 .

[50]  Marco W. Beijersbergen,et al.  Helical-wavefront laser beams produced with a spiral phaseplate , 1994 .