The perception of thermal comfort

Abstract26 subjects were exposed either to constant temperature in a water bath or to different air temperatures. A differentiation was made between the comfort temperature and the conscious cutaneous thermal sensation.When thermal sensation of the hand was tested for different internal temperatures it was found that the same superficial (skin) temperature could be agreeable or disagreeable depending on the existing internal temperature. Those skin temperatures which lead to normalization of the internal temperature were agreeable; conversely those skin temperatures which increased deviation of the internal temperature from normal were disagreeable.In man there are two sensory components in thermal perception, one superficial discriminative, and one deep which permits appreciation of agreeable and disagreeable.Zusammenfassung26 Personen wurden entweder konstanter Temperatur im Wasserbad oder verschiedenen Lufttemperaturen exponiert und die Komforttemperatur und das HautwÄrmeempfinden bestimmt. Wenn das WÄrmeempfinden der Hand bei verschiedenen Körperinnentemperaturen bestimmt wurde, ergab sich,dass beider gleichen OberflÄchentemperatur der Unterschied zwischen angenehm und unangenehm von der Körperinnentemperatur abhing. Hauttemperaturen, die zu einer Normalisierung der Körperinnentemperatur führten, waren angenehm; umgekehrt, Hauttemperaturen, die die Abweichung der Körperinnentemperatur vom Normalwert verstÄrkten, waren unangenehm.Beim Menschen gibt es zwei sensorische Komponenten des WÄrmeempfindens, eine scharf unterscheidende oberflÄchliche und eine tiefe,die diesen Unterschied zwischen angenehm und unangenehm bestÄtigt.ResumeChez 26 sujets (hommes) on pratique soit des bains agités à température constante, soit des expositions à des ambiances aériennes diverses. Des dissociations sont observées entre l'impression de confort et la sensation thermique cutanée consciente. Des tests de sensation thermique au niveau de la main, pratiqués à différentes températures internes, montrent qu'une mÊme température superficielle peut Être perÇue comme agréable ou désagréable selon le niveau de température interne.Sont agréables les températures superficielles qui tendent à corriger l'écart de température interne, à son niveau normal; inversement sont désagréables les températures superficielles qui tendent à éloigner le température interne de ce niveau. On admet que chez l'homme la perception thermique comporte 2 composantes sensibles: l'une discriminative superficielle, l'autre profonde, affective, qui permet d'apprécier l'agréable et le désagréable.

[1]  H. Vernon Is Effective Temperature or Cooling Power the Better Index of Comfort , 1926 .

[2]  C. P. Yaglou The Comfort Zone for Men at Rest and Stripped to the Waist. , 1927 .

[3]  E. D. Adrian,et al.  The Basis of Sensation , 1928, The Indian Medical Gazette.

[4]  F. C. Houghten,et al.  THERMAL EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT , 1929 .

[5]  J. Barcroft,et al.  The effect of exposure to cold on the pulse rate and respiration of man , 1931, The Journal of physiology.

[6]  V. Uprus,et al.  SHIVERING: A CLINICAL STUDY WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCES TO THE AFFERENT AND EFFERENT PATHWAYS , 1935 .

[7]  A. C. Burton,et al.  A STUDY OF THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF THE TISSUES, OF THE EXCHANGES OF HEAT AND VASOMOTOR RESPONSES IN MAN BY MEANS OF A BATH CALORIMETER , 1936 .

[8]  A. P. Gagge,et al.  PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY TO VARIOUS ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITIES , 1937 .

[9]  L. P. Herrington,et al.  RELATIONS BETWEEN ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS, PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS AND SENSATIONS OF PLEASANTNESS , 1937 .

[10]  S. W. Ranson,et al.  ACTIVATION OF HEAT LOSS MECHANISMS BY LOCAL HEATING OF THE BRAIN , 1938 .

[11]  A. Hemingway,et al.  EFFECTS OF HEATING HYPOTHALAMUS OF DOGS BY DIATHERMY , 1940 .

[12]  T. Fay,et al.  OBSERVATIONS ON REFLEX RESPONSES DURING PROLONGED PERIODS OF HUMAN REFRIGERATION , 1941 .

[13]  A. C. Burton Clothing and heat exchanges. , 1946, Federation proceedings.

[14]  L. P. Herrington,et al.  Temperature and Human Life. , 1949 .

[15]  F. Samson,et al.  Thermosensitivity of the turtle brain as manifested by blood pressure changes. , 1950, American Journal of Physiology.

[16]  C. P. Yaglou,et al.  Physiological responses of men to chilling in ice water and to slow and fast rewarming. , 1951, Journal of applied physiology.

[17]  H. Hensel,et al.  Physiologie der Thermoreception , 1952 .

[18]  Hardy Jd Control of heat loss and heat production in physiologic temperature regulation. , 1953 .

[19]  Y. Zotterman,et al.  Special senses: thermal receptors. , 1953, Annual review of physiology.

[20]  J. Hardy,et al.  Warmth discrimination in the dog after a hypothalamic ablation. , 1958, The American journal of physiology.

[21]  S. Watanabe,et al.  Oxygen consumption in relation to thermal sensation on cold exposure. , 1958, The Japanese journal of physiology.

[22]  B. Weiss,et al.  Behavior in the Cold after Acclimatization , 1960, Science.

[23]  J. Hardy,et al.  Thermoregulatory responses to hypothalamic cooling in unanesthetized dogs. , 1960, The American journal of physiology.

[24]  J D HARDY,et al.  Physiology of temperature regulation. , 1960, Physiological reviews.

[25]  B. Weiss,et al.  Behavioral Thermoregulation Behavior is a remarkably sensitive mechanism in the regulation of body temperature , 1961 .

[26]  D. Maccanon,et al.  Effects of oxygen inhalation on responses to cold exposure. , 1961, Journal of applied physiology.

[27]  R. Goldsmith,et al.  Acclimatization to heat in man by controlled elevation of body temperature , 1963, The Journal of physiology.

[28]  T. Benzinger Peripheral cold- and central warm-reception, main origins of human thermal discomfort. , 1963, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  J. Hardy,et al.  Thermal stimulation of electrical activity of single units of the preoptic region , 1963 .

[30]  J. Hardy,et al.  Temperature‐sensitive neurones in the dog's hypothalamus , 1964, The Journal of physiology.

[31]  E. Satinoff BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION IN RESPONSE TO LOCAL COOLING OF THE RAT BRAIN. , 1964, The American journal of physiology.

[32]  Keller Ad,et al.  LOCALIZATION, BY THE BRAIN SLICING METHOD, OF THE LEVEL OR LEVELS OF THE CEPHALIC BRAINSTEM UPON WHICH EFFECTIVE HEAT DISSIPATION IS DEPENDENT. , 1964 .

[33]  E. Palmes,et al.  The regulation of body temperature during fever. , 1965, Archives of environmental health.