Globalization, Employment, and Economic Development: A Briefing Paper

A cover story in the February 3, 2003 issue of Business Week highlighted the impact of global outsourcing over the past several decades on the quality and quantity of jobs in both developed and developing countries (Engardio, Bernstein, and Kripalani, 2003). The first wave of global outsourcing began in the 1960s and 1970s with the exodus of production jobs in shoes, clothing, cheap electronics, and toys. After that, routine service work, like credit-card receipt processing, airline reservations, and the writing of basic software code began to move offshore. Today, the computerization of work, the Internet, and high-speed private data networks have allowed a wide range of “knowledge work” to become more footloose.

[1]  O. Williamson,et al.  The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. , 1987 .

[2]  Jason L. Dedrick,et al.  Asia's computer challenge : threat or opportunity to the United States and the world? , 1998 .

[3]  O. Williamson,et al.  The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. , 1986, American Political Science Review.

[4]  O. Williamson.  The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting , 1985 .

[5]  J. Humphrey,et al.  Governance and Trade in Fresh Vegetables: The Impact of UK Supermarkets on the African Horticulture Industry , 2000 .

[6]  Meenu Tewari,et al.  From What We Wear to What We Eat Upgrading in Global Value Chains , 2001 .

[7]  John Humphrey,et al.  Changing Governance Patterns in the Trade in Fresh Vegetables between Africa and the United Kingdom , 2004 .

[8]  Timothy J. Sturgeon,et al.  Modular production networks: a new American model of industrial organization , 2002 .

[9]  R. Kaplinsky,et al.  The value of value chains : spreading the gains from globalisation , 2001 .

[10]  G. Gereffi,et al.  The governance of global value chains , 2005 .

[11]  T. Reardon,et al.  The Rapid Rise of Supermarkets in Latin America: Challenges and Opportunities for Development , 2002 .

[12]  R. Kaplinsky.  Globalisation and Unequalisation: What Can Be Learned from Value Chain Analysis? , 2000 .

[13]  G. Gereffi,et al.  The Global Apparel Value Chain: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries? , 2003 .

[14]  R. Lester,et al.  The New Global Supply-Base: New Challenges for Local Suppliers in East Asia , 2003 .

[15]  H. Greve,et al.  From Silicon Valley to Singapore: Location and Competitive Advantage in the Hard Disk Drive Industry , 2001 .

[16]  C. Prahalad,et al.  The core competence of the corporation’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. pp. . , 1990 .

[17]  L. Kletzer.  Job Loss from Imports: Measuring the Costs , 2001 .

[18]  R. Kaplinsky.  Is globalization all it is cracked up to be? , 2001 .

[19]  D. Weil.  Improving Labor Standards in the Apparel Industry: Can Government Make a Difference? , 2004 .

[20]  L. Kletzer.  Trade-Related Job Loss and Wage Insurance: A Synthetic Review , 2003 .

[21]  Leonard H. Lynn,et al.  From Silicon Valley to Singapore: Location and Competitive Advantage in the Hard Disk Drive Industry , 2002 .

[22]  William Milberg,et al.  The changing structure of trade linked to global production systems: What are the policy implications? , 2004 .

[23]  Gail M. Pesyna,et al.  The Next Wave of Globalization ? , 2004 .

[24]  C. Prahalad,et al.  The Core Competence of the Corporation , 1990 .

[25]  M. Porter.  Clusters and the new economics of competition. , 1998, Harvard business review.

[26]  Peter K. Schott,et al.  Survival of the best fit: exposure to low-wage countries and the (uneven) growth of U.S. manufacturing plants , 2003 .

[27]  G. Gereffi.  The Organization of Buyer-Driven Global Commodity Chains: How U.S. Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks. , 1994 .

[28]  P. Dicken.  Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century , 2003 .

[29]  Nelson R. Kellogg,et al.  The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st-Century Capitalism by Robert B. Reich (review) , 1993, Technology and Culture.

[30]  Steve Fraser,et al.  Audacious democracy : labor, intellectuals, and the social reconstruction of America , 1997 .