Strength Changes in Hemiparesis: Measurements and Mechanisms

This chapter is concerned, first, with describing the changes in voluntary muscle strength which occur following hemiparesis and, second, with a brief consideration of some of the central and peripheral factors which contribute to the absolute forces measured in hemiparesis.

[1]  John W. Scott,et al.  Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson , 1959 .

[2]  Richard W. Bohannon,et al.  Assessment of strength deficits in eight paretic upper extremity muscle groups of stroke patients with hemiplegia. , 1987, Physical therapy.

[3]  L. Edström.  Selective changes in the sizes of red and white muscle fibres in upper motor lesions and Parkinsonism. , 1970, Journal of the neurological sciences.

[4]  Richard W. Bohannon.  Relationship between static strength and various other measures in hemiparetic stroke patients. , 1987, International rehabilitation medicine.

[5]  Heffner Rs,et al.  The Role of the Corticospinal Tract in the Evolution of Human Digital Dexterity , 1983 .

[6]  S. Gandevia,et al.  The distribution of muscular weakness in upper motor neuron lesions affecting the arm. , 1989, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[7]  E. Fetz,et al.  Postspike facilitation of forelimb muscle activity by primate corticomotoneuronal cells. , 1980, Journal of neurophysiology.

[8]  M. Noble,et al.  Enhancement of mechanical performance by stretch during tetanic contractions of vertebrate skeletal muscle fibres. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[9]  W. H. Broadbent.  ON A CASE OF RIGHT HEMIPLEGIA, WITH DEVIATION OF THE EYES TO THE LEFT, AND APHASIA. , 1866 .

[10]  M. Weiner,et al.  Excessive muscular fatigue in patients with spastic paraparesis , 1990, Neurology.

[11]  P. Nathan,et al.  The rubrospinal and central tegmental tracts in man. , 1982, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[12]  H. Kuypers.  Some aspects of the organization of the output of the motor cortex. , 1987, Ciba Foundation symposium.

[13]  Richard W. Bohannon.  Muscle Strength Changes in Hemiparetic Stroke Patients During Inpatient Rehabilitation , 1988 .

[14]  L. Hewer,et al.  Isometric contractions of normal and spastic human skeletal muscle , 1981, Muscle & nerve.

[15]  B. Katz.  The relation between force and speed in muscular contraction , 1939, The Journal of physiology.

[16]  G. Edelman,et al.  Signal and sense : local and global order in perceptual maps , 1990 .

[17]  R. Lemon,et al.  The influence of changes in discharge frequency of corticospinal neurones on hand muscles in the monkey. , 1989, The Journal of physiology.

[18]  H. Noda,et al.  Recovery of voluntary movement in hemiplegic patients. Correlation with degenerative shrinkage of the cerebral peduncles in CT images. , 1990, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[19]  J P Donoghue,et al.  Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex , 1994, Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society.

[20]  S. Gandevia,et al.  The distribution of muscle weakness in upper motoneuron lesions affecting the lower limb. , 1990, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[21]  Richard D. Jones,et al.  Impairment and recovery of ipsilateral sensory-motor function following unilateral cerebral infarction. , 1989, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[22]  R. Porter,et al.  Corticomotoneuronal synapses in the monkey: Light microscopic localization upon motoneurons of intrinsic muscles of the hand , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[23]  C. G. Phillips,et al.  Minimal synaptic actions of pyrimidal impulses on some alpha motoneurones of the baboon's hand and forearm , 1962, The Journal of physiology.

[24]  R. F. Mayer,et al.  Physiological alterations of motor units in hemiplegia , 1982, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[25]  E. Fetz,et al.  Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force. , 1980, Journal of neurophysiology.

[26]  S. Gandevia,et al.  Responses in human intercostal and truncal muscles to motor cortical and spinal stimulation. , 1988, Respiration physiology.

[27]  P. Nathan,et al.  Long descending tracts in man. I. Review of present knowledge. , 1955, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[28]  W. Gowers,et al.  A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System , 1887, Edinburgh Medical Journal.

[29]  W. Chambers,et al.  An Experimental study of the cortico‐spinal system in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). The spinal pathways and preterminal distribution of degenerating fibers following discrete lesions of the pre‐ and postcentral gyri and bulbar pyramid , 1964, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[30]  G. C. Joyce,et al.  The mechanical properties of cat soleus muscle during controlled lengthening and shortening movements , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[31]  J. Rothwell,et al.  Activation of the human diaphragm from the motor cortex. , 1987, The Journal of physiology.

[32]  P. Thompson,et al.  Cortical outflow to proximal arm muscles in man. , 1990, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[33]  E. Evarts,et al.  Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement. , 1968, Journal of neurophysiology.

[34]  J. Yokota,et al.  Divergent projection of individual corticospinal axons to motoneurons of multiple muscles in the monkey , 1981, Neuroscience Letters.

[35]  T. Iwatsubo,et al.  Corticofugal projections to the motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal cord in humans , 1990, Neurology.

[36]  P. Ashby,et al.  Altered corticospinal projections to lower limb motoneurons in subjects with cerebral palsy. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[37]  J. Tanji,et al.  Neuronal activity in cortical motor areas related to ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral digit movements of the monkey. , 1988, Journal of neurophysiology.

[38]  S C Gandevia,et al.  Voluntary muscle strength in hemiparesis: distribution of weakness at the elbow. , 1986, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[39]  A. P. Georgopoulos,et al.  Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three- dimensional space. II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[40]  P Ashby,et al.  Corticospinal projections to upper limb motoneurones in humans. , 1992, The Journal of physiology.

[41]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Functional reorganization of the brain in recovery from striatocapsular infarction in man , 1992, Annals of neurology.

[42]  P. C. Knapp,et al.  Lectures on the Diagnosis of Diseases of the Brain , 1885 .

[43]  C. G. Phillips,et al.  Corticospinal neurones. Their role in movement. , 1977, Monographs of the Physiological Society.

[44]  R B Masterton,et al.  Descending pathways to the spinal cord, IV: Some factors related to the amount of cortex devoted to the corticospinal tract , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[45]  G. Brindley,et al.  The extrapyramidal cortical motor map. , 1965, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[46]  S. Chokroverty,et al.  Hemiplegic amyotrophy. Muscle and motor point biopsy study. , 1976, Archives of neurology.

[47]  Richard W. Bohannon.  Significant relationships exist between muscle group strengths following stroke , 1990 .

[48]  R. Lemon,et al.  Cross-correlation reveals facilitation of single motor units in thenar muscles by single corticospinal neurones in the conscious monkey , 1987, Neuroscience Letters.

[49]  L. Lange,et al.  A Physiological Approach to Clinical Neurology , 1982 .

[50]  C. G. Phillips,et al.  THE PYRAMIDAL PROJECTION TO MOTONEURONES OF SOME MUSCLE GROUPS OF THE BABOON'S FORELIMB. , 1964, Progress in brain research.

[51]  B. Saltin,et al.  Muscle metabolism during exercise in hemiparetic patients. , 1977, Clinical science and molecular medicine.