830 nm laser irradiation induces varicosity formation, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and blocks fast axonal flow in small and medium diameter rat dorsal root ganglion neurons: implications for the analgesic effects of 830 nm laser

Abstract  We report the formation of 830 nm (cw) laser‐induced, reversible axonal varicosities, using immunostaining with β‐tubulin, in small and medium diameter, TRPV‐1 positive, cultured rat DRG neurons. Laser also induced a progressive and statistically significant decrease (p < 0.005) in MMP in mitochondria in and between static axonal varicosities. In cell bodies of the neuron, the decrease in MMP was also statistically significant (p < 0.05), but the decrease occurred more slowly. Importantly we also report for the first time that 830 nm (cw) laser blocked fast axonal flow, imaged in real time using confocal laser microscopy and JC‐1 as mitotracker.

[1]  L. Barnsley,et al.  Systematic review of the literature of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) in the management of neck pain , 2005, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[2]  drdesforges.  A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders , 2008 .

[3]  drdesforges.  Low level laser therapy for tendinopathy. Evidence of a dose-response pattern , 2008 .

[4]  P. Siddall,et al.  Efficacy of 300 mW, 830 nm Laser in the Treatment of Chronic Neck Pain: A Survey in a General Practice Setting , 2003 .

[5]  M A Pogrel,et al.  Effects of low‐energy gallium‐aluminum‐arsenide laser irradiation on cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes , 1997, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[6]  J. Sandkühler,et al.  Perceptual Correlates of Nociceptive Long-term Potentiation and Long-term Depression in Humans , 2003 .

[7]  L. Navratil,et al.  MECHANISMS OF THE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF THERAPEUTIC LASERS IN VIVO , 1997 .

[8]  A. Basbaum,et al.  Receptor endocytosis and dendrite reshaping in spinal neurons after somatosensory stimulation. , 1995, Science.

[9]  M. Kress,et al.  More sensory competence for nociceptive neurons in culture. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[10]  Marianne Windelin,et al.  Low-power laser therapy in rheumatoid arthritis , 1989, Lasers in Medical Science.

[11]  K. Matsumoto,et al.  Effect of irradiation by semiconductor laser on responses evoked in trigeminal caudal neurons by tooth pulp stimulation , 1993, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[12]  R. Lavi,et al.  Photochemistry and photobiology of light absorption by living cells. , 2006, Photomedicine and laser surgery.

[13]  Chukuka S Enwemeka,et al.  The efficacy of low-power lasers in tissue repair and pain control: a meta-analysis study. , 2004, Photomedicine and laser surgery.

[14]  drdesforges.  The effect of 300 mW, 830 nm laser on chronic neck pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study , 2008 .

[15]  H. Vet,et al.  Efficacy of 904 nm laser therapy in the management of musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review , 1998 .

[16]  L. Goldstein,et al.  Microtubule-based transport systems in neurons: the roles of kinesins and dyneins. , 2000, Annual review of neuroscience.

[17]  M. Dyson,et al.  MACROPHAGE RESPONSIVENESS TO LIGHT THERAPY-A DOSE RESPONSE STUDY , 1990 .

[18]  A. Basbaum,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of nociception , 2001, Nature.

[19]  F. Soriano,et al.  GALLIUM ARSENIDE LASER TREATMENT OF CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: A PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED AND DOUBLE BLIND STUDY , 1998 .

[20]  Renata Amadei Nicolau,et al.  Neurotransmitter release changes induced by low power 830 nm diode laser irradiation on the neuromuscular junctions of the mouse , 2004, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[21]  P. Armati,et al.  Oxidative stress induces axonal beading in cultured human brain tissue , 2003, Neurobiology of Disease.

[22]  T. Karu,et al.  Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells. , 1999, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[23]  M. Birtane,et al.  The Clinical Efficacy of Low-Power Laser Therapy on Pain and Function in Cervical Osteoarthritis , 2001, Clinical Rheumatology.

[24]  Christian Couppé,et al.  A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders. , 2003, The Australian journal of physiotherapy.

[25]  L. Britto,et al.  Calbindin Immunoreactivity Delineates the Circadian Visual Centers of the Brain of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) , 1997, Brain Research Bulletin.

[26]  Gillian Z. Heller,et al.  A Pilot Study of Low-Power Laser Therapy in the Management of Chronic Neck Pain , 2004 .

[27]  G. Nicolson,et al.  Local anesthetics affect transmembrane cytoskeletal control of mobility and distribution of cell surface receptors. , 1975, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  Yechiel Becker,et al.  Low level laser irradiation stimulates mitochondrial membrane potential and disperses subnuclear promyelocytic leukemia protein , 2004, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[29]  A. Basbaum,et al.  Rapid endocytosis of a G protein-coupled receptor: substance P evoked internalization of its receptor in the rat striatum in vivo. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  Kazuhiko Inoue,et al.  A DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL OF LOW REACTIVE-LEVEL LASER THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN , 1998 .

[31]  V. Markin,et al.  Biophysical and functional consequences of receptor-mediated nerve fiber transformation. , 1997, Biophysical journal.

[32]  G. Colditz,et al.  How to review the evidence: systematic identification and review of the scientific literature , 2000 .

[33]  Y. Abiko,et al.  Low‐energy diode laser irradiation reduced plasminogen activator activity in human periodontal ligament cells , 1997, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[34]  T. Karu,et al.  Absorption measurements of a cell monolayer relevant to phototherapy: reduction of cytochrome c oxidase under near IR radiation. , 2005, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[35]  T. Ohshiro,et al.  REPORT ON A COMPUTER-RANDOMIZED DOUBLE BLIND CLINICAL TRIAL TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GaAlAs (830 NM) DIODE LASER FOR PAIN ATTENUATION IN SELECTED PAIN GROUPS , 1994 .

[36]  J. Walker,et al.  Relief from chronic pain by low power laser irradiation , 1983, Neuroscience Letters.

[37]  M. Greco,et al.  The irradiation of hepatocytes with He‐Ne laser causes an increase of cytosolic free calcium concentration and an increase of cell membrane potential, correlated with it, both increases taking place in an oscillatory manner , 1997, Biochemistry and molecular biology international.

[38]  N. Piller,et al.  Treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema with low‐level laser therapy , 2003, Cancer.

[39]  Carolyn A. Richardson,et al.  PLASMA ACTH AND β-ENDORPHIN LEVELS IN RESPONSE TO LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY (LLLT) FOR MYOFASCIAL TRIGGER POINTS , 1994 .

[40]  H. Friedmann,et al.  PHOTOBIOSTIMULATION AS A FUNCTION OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS , 2000 .

[41]  Dimitris Kletsas,et al.  Human fibroblast alterations induced by low power laser irradiation at the single cell level using confocal microscopy , 2002, Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.

[42]  P. Tugwell,et al.  Low level laser therapy (Classes I, II and III) for treating rheumatoid arthritis. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[43]  T. S. Lam.  Laser stimulation of collagen synthesis in human skin fibroblast cultures , 1986 .

[44]  S. Bevan,et al.  Chemical activation of nociceptive peripheral neurones. , 1991, British medical bulletin.

[45]  J. McArthur,et al.  Pathology and Quantitation of Cutaneous Innervation , 2005 .

[46]  N. Hirokawa,et al.  Visualization of the Dynamics of Synaptic Vesicle and Plasma Membrane Proteins in Living Axons , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[47]  Harry Friedmann,et al.  Competition between activating and inhibitory processes in photobiology , 1996, European Conference on Biomedical Optics.

[48]  M. Kawatani,et al.  Diode laser irradiation selectively diminishes slow component of axonal volleys to dorsal roots from the saphenous nerve in the rat , 1993, Neuroscience Letters.

[49]  G. Nicolson,et al.  Effects of local anesthetics on cell morphology and membrane-associated cytoskeletal organization in BALB/3T3 cells , 1976, The Journal of cell biology.

[50]  Márcia Martins Marques,et al.  Effect of low‐power laser irradiation on cell growth and procollagen synthesis of cultured fibroblasts , 2002, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[51]  Toshio Ohshiro,et al.  LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY PAIN ATTENUATION MECHANISM, 1: , 1989 .

[52]  M. Mito,et al.  Effect of low-power laser irradiation on impulse conduction in anesthetized rabbits. , 1996, Journal of clinical laser medicine & surgery.

[53]  G. Bloom,et al.  Kinesin associates with anterogradely transported membranous organelles in vivo , 1991, The Journal of cell biology.

[54]  J. Levine,et al.  Co-expression of nociceptor properties in dorsal root ganglion neurons from the adult rat in vitro , 1996, Neuroscience.

[55]  Michele Sterling,et al.  The effect of 300 mW, 830 nm laser on chronic neck pain. , 2006, The Australian journal of physiotherapy.

[56]  R P Franke,et al.  Biostimulatory windows in low-intensity laser activation: lasers, scanners, and NASA's light-emitting diode array system. , 2001, Journal of clinical laser medicine & surgery.

[57]  P. Brooks,et al.  Does colchicine work? The results of the first controlled study in acute gout. , 1987, Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine.

[58]  M. Kawatani,et al.  Laser irradiation abates neuronal responses to nociceptive stimulation of rat-paw skin , 1994, Brain Research Bulletin.

[59]  Michael C. Bateman,et al.  Rapid Alterations in Dendrite Morphology during Sublethal Hypoxia or Glutamate Receptor Activation , 1996, Neurobiology of Disease.

[60]  S. Budd,et al.  A Reevaluation of the Role of Mitochondria in Neuronal Ca2+ Homeostasis , 1996, Journal of neurochemistry.

[61]  A. Barth,et al.  Phosphorylation of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase from ATP and ATP Analogs Studied by Infrared Spectroscopy* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[62]  GD Baxter,et al.  Effects of low intensity infrared laser irradiation upon conduction in the human median nerve in vivo , 1994, Experimental physiology.

[63]  W. Harmsen,et al.  Laser therapy: a randomized, controlled trial of the effects of low-intensity Nd:YAG laser irradiation on musculoskeletal back pain. , 1999, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[64]  A. Basbaum,et al.  The Cloned Capsaicin Receptor Integrates Multiple Pain-Producing Stimuli , 1998, Neuron.

[65]  G. Vanderstraeten,et al.  The Influence of Low Intensity Infrared Laser Irradiation on Conduction Characteristics of Peripheral Nerve: A Randomised, Controlled, Double Blind Study on the Sural Nerve , 2000, Lasers in Medical Science.

[66]  R A Oostendorp,et al.  The efficacy of laser therapy for musculoskeletal and skin disorders: a criteria-based meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. , 1992, Physical therapy.

[67]  A I Basbaum,et al.  Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor. , 2000, Science.

[68]  E Marra,et al.  Increase of both transcription and translation activities following separate irradiation of the in vitro system components with He-Ne laser. , 1994, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[69]  H. Thorsen,et al.  The effect of low-level laser therapy on musculoskeletal pain: A meta-analysis , 1993, Pain.