Spatiotemporal patterns of terrestrial gross primary production: A review

Great advances have been made in the last decade in quantifying and understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) with ground, atmospheric, and space observations. However, although global GPP estimates exist, each data set relies upon assumptions and none of the available data are based only on measurements. Consequently, there is no consensus on the global total GPP and large uncertainties exist in its benchmarking. The objective of this review is to assess how the different available data sets predict the spatiotemporal patterns of GPP, identify the differences among data sets, and highlight the main advantages/disadvantages of each data set. We compare GPP estimates for the historical period (1990–2009) from two observation‐based data sets (Model Tree Ensemble and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) to coupled carbon‐climate models and terrestrial carbon cycle models from the Fifth Climate Model Intercomparison Project and TRENDY projects and to a new hybrid data set (CARBONES). Results show a large range in the mean global GPP estimates. The different data sets broadly agree on GPP seasonal cycle in terms of phasing, while there is still discrepancy on the amplitude. For interannual variability (IAV) and trends, there is a clear separation between the observation‐based data that show little IAV and trend, while the process‐based models have large GPP variability and significant trends. These results suggest that there is an urgent need to improve observation‐based data sets and develop carbon cycle modeling with processes that are currently treated either very simplistically to correctly estimate present GPP and better quantify the future uptake of carbon dioxide by the world's vegetation.

[1]  N. Graziane,et al.  Long-Term Measurements , 2016 .

[2]  Wenjie Dong,et al.  Gross primary production of global forest ecosystems has been overestimated , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[3]  Ranga B. Myneni,et al.  Recent trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide , 2015 .

[4]  R. Schnur,et al.  Separation of the Effects of Land and Climate Model Errors on Simulated Contemporary Land Carbon Cycle Trends in the MPI Earth System Model version 1 , 2015 .

[5]  A. Huete,et al.  Estimation of vegetation photosynthetic capacity from space‐based measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence for terrestrial biosphere models , 2014, Global change biology.

[6]  Philippe Ciais,et al.  Evidence for a weakening relationship between interannual temperature variability and northern vegetation activity , 2014, Nature Communications.

[7]  Dylan B. A. Jones,et al.  Terrestrial gross primary production inferred from satellite fluorescence and vegetation models , 2014, Global change biology.

[8]  I. Prentice,et al.  Reliable, robust and realistic: the three R's of next-generation land-surface modelling , 2014 .

[9]  Ranga B. Myneni,et al.  Evaluation of the ORCHIDEE ecosystem model over Africa against 25 years of satellite‐based water and carbon measurements , 2014 .

[10]  Atul K. Jain,et al.  Climate‐driven uncertainties in modeling terrestrial gross primary production: a site level to global‐scale analysis , 2014, Global change biology.

[11]  A. Ito,et al.  Uncertainty of Concentration–Terrestrial Carbon Feedback in Earth System Models* , 2014 .

[12]  M. S. Moran,et al.  Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[13]  Lanning Wang,et al.  Description and basic evaluation of BNU-ESM version 1 , 2014 .

[14]  Ranga B. Myneni,et al.  Chapter 6: Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles , 2014 .

[15]  N. Buchmann,et al.  Increasing relevance of spring temperatures for Norway spruce trees in Davos, Switzerland, after the 1950s , 2014, Trees.

[16]  Atul K. Jain,et al.  Impact of large‐scale climate extremes on biospheric carbon fluxes: An intercomparison based on MsTMIP data , 2013 .

[17]  Robert B. Cook,et al.  The North American Carbon Program Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project – Part 2: Environmental driver data , 2013 .

[18]  C. Frankenberg,et al.  Global monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from moderate-spectral-resolution near-infrared satellite measurements: methodology, simulations, and application to GOME-2 , 2013 .

[19]  Shilong Piao,et al.  Evaluation of Land Surface Models in Reproducing Satellite-Derived LAI over the High-Latitude Northern Hemisphere. Part I: Uncoupled DGVMs , 2013, Remote. Sens..

[20]  P. Cox,et al.  Evaluating the Land and Ocean Components of the Global Carbon Cycle in the CMIP5 Earth System Models , 2013 .

[21]  S. Zaehle,et al.  Terrestrial nitrogen–carbon cycle interactions at the global scale , 2013, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[22]  M. Lomas,et al.  Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models for their response to climate variability and to CO2 trends , 2013, Global change biology.

[23]  R. DeFries,et al.  Current systematic carbon-cycle observations and the need for implementing a policy-relevant carbon observing system , 2013 .

[24]  A. Kirkevåg,et al.  The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1-M – Part 1: Description and basic evaluation of the physical climate , 2013 .

[25]  Jonas Ardö,et al.  Evaluation of MODIS gross primary productivity for Africa using eddy covariance data , 2013 .

[26]  Dan Yakir,et al.  Ecosystem photosynthesis inferred from measurements of carbonyl sulphide flux , 2013 .

[27]  S. Bony,et al.  Climate change projections using the IPSL-CM5 Earth System Model: from CMIP3 to CMIP5 , 2013, Climate Dynamics.

[28]  W. Kutsch,et al.  Soil surface CO2 efflux measurements in Norway spruce forests: Comparison between four different sites across Europe — from boreal to alpine forest , 2013 .

[29]  P. D’Odorico,et al.  Physical and biological feedbacks of deforestation , 2012 .

[30]  K.,et al.  Carbon–Concentration and Carbon–Climate Feedbacks in CMIP5 Earth System Models , 2012 .

[31]  J. Randerson,et al.  Causes of variation in soil carbon simulations from CMIP5 Earth system models and comparison with observations , 2012 .

[32]  Daniel S. Goll,et al.  Nutrient limitation reduces land carbon uptake in simulations with a model of combined carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling , 2012 .

[33]  Philippe Peylin,et al.  Quantifying the model structural error in carbon cycle data assimilation systems , 2012 .

[34]  Philip Lewis,et al.  Retrieval and global assessment of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from GOSAT space measurements , 2012 .

[35]  Ronald,et al.  GFDL’s ESM2 Global Coupled Climate–Carbon Earth System Models. Part I: Physical Formulation and Baseline Simulation Characteristics , 2012 .

[36]  Karl E. Taylor,et al.  An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design , 2012 .

[37]  M. Scholze,et al.  Atmospheric constraints on gross primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity: Results from a carbon‐cycle data assimilation system , 2012 .

[38]  J. Pisek,et al.  Effects of foliage clumping on the estimation of global terrestrial gross primary productivity , 2012 .

[39]  M. Reichstein,et al.  Partitioning of Net Fluxes , 2012 .

[40]  Dario Papale,et al.  Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis , 2012 .

[41]  Hideki Kobayashi,et al.  Integration of MODIS land and atmosphere products with a coupled‐process model to estimate gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration from 1 km to global scales , 2011 .

[42]  J. M. Blonquist,et al.  The potential of carbonyl sulfide as a proxy for gross primary production at flux tower sites , 2011 .

[43]  C. Jones,et al.  Development and evaluation of an Earth-System model - HadGEM2 , 2011 .

[44]  Q. Zhang,et al.  Limitations of nitrogen and phosphorous on the terrestrial carbon uptake in the 20th century , 2011 .

[45]  S. Emori,et al.  MIROC-ESM 2010: model description and basic results of CMIP5-20c3m experiments , 2011 .

[46]  Martin Wahlen,et al.  Interannual variability in the oxygen isotopes of atmospheric CO2 driven by El Niño , 2011, Nature.

[47]  C. Frankenberg,et al.  New global observations of the terrestrial carbon cycle from GOSAT: Patterns of plant fluorescence with gross primary productivity , 2011, Geophysical Research Letters.

[48]  A. Arneth,et al.  Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations , 2011 .

[49]  P. Cox,et al.  The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description – Part 2: Carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics , 2011 .

[50]  P. Cox,et al.  The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description – Part 1: Energy and water fluxes , 2011 .

[51]  Steven W. Running,et al.  Response to Comments on “Drought-Induced Reduction in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 2000 Through 2009” , 2011, Science.

[52]  Niklaus E. Zimmermann,et al.  Impacts of land cover and climate data selection on understanding terrestrial carbon dynamics and the CO 2 airborne fraction , 2011 .

[53]  N. Viovy,et al.  Impact of tropospheric ozone on the Euro‐Mediterranean vegetation , 2011 .

[54]  Hank A. Margolis,et al.  Attributing uncertainties in simulated biospheric carbon fluxes to different error sources , 2011 .

[55]  Jennifer L. Dungan,et al.  Diagnosing and assessing uncertainties of terrestrial ecosystem models in a multimodel ensemble experiment: 2. Carbon balance , 2011 .

[56]  P. Ciais,et al.  How errors on meteorological variables impact simulated ecosystem fluxes: a case study for six French sites , 2011 .

[57]  T. Takemura,et al.  Geoscientific Model Development MIROC-ESM 2010 : model description and basic results of CMIP 5-20 c 3 m experiments , 2011 .

[58]  D. Lawrence,et al.  Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in Version 4 of the Community Land Model , 2011 .

[59]  E. Middleton,et al.  First observations of global and seasonal terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from space , 2010 .

[60]  S. Seneviratne,et al.  Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply , 2010, Nature.

[61]  Maosheng Zhao,et al.  Drought-Induced Reduction in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 2000 Through 2009 , 2010, Science.

[62]  F. Woodward,et al.  Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate , 2010, Science.

[63]  Nadine Gobron,et al.  Monitoring biosphere vegetation 1998–2009 , 2010 .

[64]  Nuno Carvalhais,et al.  Comparing observations and process‐based simulations of biosphere‐atmosphere exchanges on multiple timescales , 2010 .

[65]  A. Arneth,et al.  Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation , 2010 .

[66]  J. Moreno,et al.  Remote sensing of sun‐induced fluorescence to improve modeling of diurnal courses of gross primary production (GPP) , 2010 .

[67]  J. Randerson,et al.  Technical Description of version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM) , 2010 .

[68]  P. Ciais,et al.  Spatiotemporal patterns of terrestrial carbon cycle during the 20th century , 2009 .

[69]  Corinne Le Quéré,et al.  Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide , 2009 .

[70]  J. Randerson,et al.  Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: results from an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model , 2009 .

[71]  A. Bondeau,et al.  Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model , 2009 .

[72]  Peter E. Thornton,et al.  Systematic assessment of terrestrial biogeochemistry in coupled climate–carbon models , 2009 .

[73]  S. Seneviratne,et al.  Analysis of planetary boundary layer fluxes and land-atmosphere coupling in the regional climate model CLM , 2009 .

[74]  Andreas Richter,et al.  The boundless carbon cycle , 2009 .

[75]  Markus Reichstein,et al.  Temporal and among‐site variability of inherent water use efficiency at the ecosystem level , 2009 .

[76]  Christian Feigenwinter,et al.  A new mass conservation approach to the study of CO2 advection in an alpine forest , 2009 .

[77]  T. A. Black,et al.  The use of remote sensing in light use efficiency based models of gross primary production: a review of current status and future requirements. , 2008, The Science of the total environment.

[78]  N. Gobron,et al.  Diagnostic assessment of European gross primary production , 2008 .

[79]  Chris Jones,et al.  Illuminating the Modern Dance of Climate and CO2 , 2008, Science.

[80]  I. C. Prentice,et al.  Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate‐carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) , 2008 .

[81]  Nuno Carvalhais,et al.  Implications of the carbon cycle steady state assumption for biogeochemical modeling performance and inverse parameter retrieval , 2008 .

[82]  P. Ciais,et al.  Carbon and water balance of European croplands throughout the 20th century , 2008 .

[83]  S. Itch,et al.  Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) , 2008 .

[84]  Peter E. Thornton,et al.  Influence of carbon‐nitrogen cycle coupling on land model response to CO2 fertilization and climate variability , 2007 .

[85]  Markus Reichstein,et al.  Uncertainties of modeling gross primary productivity over Europe: A systematic study on the effects of using different drivers and terrestrial biosphere models , 2007 .

[86]  Philippe Ciais,et al.  Growing season extension and its impact on terrestrial carbon cycle in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 2 decades , 2007 .

[87]  C. Huntingford,et al.  Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink , 2007, Nature.

[88]  P. Hari,et al.  The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests , 2007, Nature.

[89]  Jialin Lin,et al.  Interdecadal variability of ENSO in 21 IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs , 2007 .

[90]  S. Wofsy,et al.  Factors controlling CO2 exchange on timescales from hourly to decadal at Harvard Forest , 2007 .

[91]  Markus Reichstein,et al.  Analyzing the causes and spatial pattern of the European 2003 carbon flux anomaly using seven models , 2007 .

[92]  Stephen Sitch,et al.  Projected Changes in Terrestrial Carbon Storage in Europe under Climate and Land-use Change, 1990–2100 , 2007, Ecosystems.

[93]  Markus Reichstein,et al.  Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003 , 2007 .

[94]  Stephen Sitch,et al.  FLUXNET and modelling the global carbon cycle , 2007 .

[95]  Christian Bernhofer,et al.  A decade of carbon, water and energy flux measurements of an old spruce forest at the Anchor Station Tharandt , 2007 .

[96]  M. Aubinet,et al.  Determinants of terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covariance flux sites , 2007 .

[97]  E. Davidson,et al.  Comparing simple respiration models for eddy flux and dynamic chamber data , 2006 .

[98]  S. Bony,et al.  The LMDZ4 general circulation model: climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection , 2006 .

[99]  Paul R Moorcroft,et al.  How close are we to a predictive science of the biosphere? , 2006, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[100]  Ramakrishna R. Nemani,et al.  Evaluation of remote sensing based terrestrial productivity from MODIS using regional tower eddy flux network observations , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[101]  Michel Crucifix,et al.  The new hadley centre climate model (HadGEM1) : Evaluation of coupled simulations , 2006 .

[102]  Maosheng Zhao,et al.  Sensitivity of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) terrestrial primary production to the accuracy of meteorological reanalyses , 2006 .

[103]  R. Schnur,et al.  Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis: Results from the C , 2006 .

[104]  Pierre Friedlingstein,et al.  Comparing and evaluating process‐based ecosystem model predictions of carbon and water fluxes in major European forest biomes , 2005, Global change biology.

[105]  P. Thornton,et al.  Ecosystem model spin-up: Estimating steady state conditions in a coupled terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycle model , 2005 .

[106]  P. Ciais,et al.  Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003 , 2005, Nature.

[107]  Stephen Sitch,et al.  Effects of parameter uncertainties on the modeling of terrestrial biosphere dynamics , 2005 .

[108]  T. Vesala,et al.  On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm , 2005 .

[109]  R. Giering,et al.  Two decades of terrestrial carbon fluxes from a carbon cycle data assimilation system (CCDAS) , 2005 .

[110]  W. Cohen,et al.  Site‐level evaluation of satellite‐based global terrestrial gross primary production and net primary production monitoring , 2005 .

[111]  Maosheng Zhao,et al.  Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set , 2005 .

[112]  I. C. Prentice,et al.  A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere‐biosphere system , 2005 .

[113]  B O B B,et al.  Estimating diurnal to annual ecosystem parameters by synthesis of a carbon flux model with eddy covariance net ecosystem exchange observations , 2005 .

[114]  Alan K. Betts,et al.  Understanding Hydrometeorology Using Global Models , 2004 .

[115]  G. Danabasoglu,et al.  The Community Climate System Model Version 4 , 2011 .

[116]  Serge Rambal,et al.  The growth respiration component in eddy CO2 flux from a Quercus ilex mediterranean forest , 2004 .

[117]  Robert E. Dickinson,et al.  A Two-Big-Leaf Model for Canopy Temperature, Photosynthesis, and Stomatal Conductance , 2004 .

[118]  Maosheng Zhao,et al.  A Continuous Satellite-Derived Measure of Global Terrestrial Primary Production , 2004 .

[119]  J. Berry,et al.  A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species , 1980, Planta.

[120]  S. R AMBAL,et al.  The growth respiration component in eddy CO 2 flux from a Quercus ilex mediterranean forest , 2004 .

[121]  S. Long,et al.  Gas exchange measurements, what can they tell us about the underlying limitations to photosynthesis? Procedures and sources of error. , 2003, Journal of experimental botany.

[122]  Tiina Markkanen,et al.  Air temperature triggers the recovery of evergreen boreal forest photosynthesis in spring , 2003 .

[123]  Pete Smith,et al.  Europe's Terrestrial Biosphere Absorbs 7 to 12% of European Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions , 2003, Science.

[124]  C. Tucker,et al.  Climate-Driven Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 1982 to 1999 , 2003, Science.

[125]  C. D. Keeling,et al.  Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to interannual temperature variation during 1984–2000 , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[126]  D. Baldocchi.  Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future , 2003 .

[127]  R. DeFries,et al.  Global distribution of C3 and C4 vegetation: Carbon cycle implications , 2003 .

[128]  I. C. Prentice,et al.  Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model , 2003 .

[129]  Miikka Dal Maso,et al.  Long-term measurements of surface fluxes above a Scots pine forest in Hyytiälä, southern Finland, 1996-2001 , 2003 .

[130]  Olaf Kolle,et al.  Large carbon uptake by an unmanaged 250-year-old deciduous forest in Central Germany , 2002 .

[131]  Stephen Sitch,et al.  Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models with atmospheric CO2 measurements: Results from transient simulations considering increasing CO2, climate, and land‐use effects , 2002 .

[132]  S. Running,et al.  Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data , 2002 .

[133]  A. J. Dolman,et al.  The carbon uptake of a mid latitude pine forest growing on sandy soil , 2002 .

[134]  M. Aubinet,et al.  Long term carbon dioxide exchange above a mixed forest in the Belgian Ardennes , 2001 .

[135]  P. Berbigier,et al.  CO2 and water vapour fluxes for 2 years above Euroflux forest site , 2001 .

[136]  W. Oechel,et al.  FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities , 2001 .

[137]  K. Taylor.  Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram , 2001 .

[138]  F. Woodward,et al.  Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models , 2001 .

[139]  N. Jensen,et al.  Two years of continuous CO2 eddy-flux measurements over a Danish beech forest , 2001 .

[140]  I. C. Prentice,et al.  Carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere in the Twentieth Century: Analyses of CO2, climate and land use effects with four process‐based ecosystem models , 2001 .

[141]  Mark G. Tjoelker,et al.  Modelling respiration of vegetation: evidence for a general temperature‐dependent Q10 , 2001 .

[142]  Eric Ceschia,et al.  The carbon balance of a young Beech forest , 2000 .

[143]  J. E. Hunt,et al.  Commentary: Carbon Metabolism of the Terrestrial Biosphere: A Multitechnique Approach for Improved Understanding , 2000, Ecosystems.

[144]  E. Davidson,et al.  Seasonal patterns and environmental control of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange in an ecotonal boreal forest , 1999 .

[145]  D. Lawlor,et al.  Water stress inhibits plant photosynthesis by decreasing coupling factor and ATP , 1999, Nature.

[146]  A. Ishida,et al.  Interactive effects of leaf age and self-shading on leaf structure, photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence in the rain forest tree, Dryobalanops aromatica. , 1999, Tree physiology.

[147]  F. Joos,et al.  A first‐order analysis of the potential rôle of CO2 fertilization to affect the global carbon budget: a comparison of four terrestrial biosphere models , 1999 .

[148]  A. Bondeau,et al.  Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): overview and key results , 1999 .

[149]  R. Betts,et al.  The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity , 1999 .

[150]  S. Goetz,et al.  Modelling Terrestrial Carbon Exchange and Storage: Evidence and Implications of Functional Convergence in Light-use Efficiency , 1999 .

[151]  S. Running,et al.  Contrasting Climatic Controls on the Estimated Productivity of Global Terrestrial Biomes , 1998, Ecosystems.

[152]  D. Randall,et al.  A three‐dimensional synthesis study of δ18O in atmospheric CO2 1. Surface fluxes , 1997 .

[153]  A. McGuire,et al.  Productivity response of climax temperate forests to elevated temperature and carbon dioxide: a north american comparison between two global models , 1993 .

[154]  J. Ehleringer,et al.  Vegetation effects on the isotope composition of oxygen in atmospheric CO2 , 1993, Nature.

[155]  C. Field,et al.  A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme , 1992 .

[156]  G. Collatz,et al.  Coupled Photosynthesis-Stomatal Conductance Model for Leaves of C4 Plants , 1992 .

[157]  Michael G. Ryan,et al.  A simple method for estimating gross carbon budgets for vegetation in forest ecosystems. , 1991, Tree physiology.

[158]  John Pastor,et al.  State-of-the-Art of Models of Production-Decomposition Linkages in Conifer and Grassland Ecosystems. , 1991, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[159]  G. Collatz,et al.  Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layer , 1991 .

[160]  Robert W. Howarth,et al.  Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur? , 1991 .

[161]  Ross E. McMurtrie,et al.  Modelling the yield of Pinus radiata on a site limited by water and nitrogen , 1990 .

[162]  J. Monteith.  Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain , 1977 .

[163]  J. Monteith.  SOLAR RADIATION AND PRODUCTIVITY IN TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS , 1972 .

[164]  S S I T C H,et al.  Evaluation of Ecosystem Dynamics, Plant Geography and Terrestrial Carbon Cycling in the Lpj Dynamic Global Vegetation Model , 2022 .