Behavioral Studies of Auditory Information Processing

Echolocating bats are nocturnal animals that rely largely on auditory information to orient in the environment and intercept prey. Bats produce high-frequency vocal signals and perceive their surroundings by listening to the features of the echoes reflecting off targets in the path of the sound beam (Griffin 1958). Computations performed on these echoes by the auditory system allow the bat to extract fine spatial information about its world through acoustic channels. This chapter attempts a comprehensive review and synthesis of data on auditory information processing and perception by sonar in echolocating bats.

[1]  O W Henson,et al.  The activity and function of the middle‐ear muscles in echo‐locating bats. , 1965, The Journal of physiology.

[2]  Jeremy M. V. Rayner,et al.  Recent Advances in the Study of Bats , 1988 .

[3]  J. Simmons,et al.  Sonar gain control and echo detection thresholds in the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus. , 1992, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[4]  Dieter Menne,et al.  A Matched Filter Bank for Time Delay Estimation in Bats , 1988 .

[5]  N Suga,et al.  Site of Neural Attenuation of Responses to Self-Vocalized Sounds in Echolocating Bats , 1974, Science.

[6]  J. Simmons,et al.  Measurements of atmospheric attenuation at ultrasonic frequencies and the significance for echolocation by bats. , 1982, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[7]  D. Griffin.  ECHOLOCATION BY BLIND MEN, BATS AND RADAR. , 1944, Science.

[8]  Gerhard Neuweiler,et al.  Detection of Prey in Echocluttering Environments , 1988 .

[9]  R. C. Roverud.  Harmonic and frequency structure used for echolocation sound pattern recognition and distance information processing in the rufous horseshoe bat , 1989, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[10]  R. Lindsay,et al.  Listening in the Dark , 1958 .

[11]  D. Menne,et al.  Accuracy of distance measurement in the bat Eptesicus fuscus: theoretical aspects and computer simulations. , 1986, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[12]  B. Møhl,et al.  The detection of phantom targets in noise by serotine bats; negative evidence for the coherent receiver , 1986, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[13]  D. Tolhurst,et al.  Psychophysical evidence for sustained and transient detectors in human vision , 1973, The Journal of physiology.

[14]  Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler,et al.  Target Discrimination and Target Classification in Echolocating Bats , 1988 .

[15]  P. Jen,et al.  Directionality of sound pressure transformation at the pinna of echolocating bats , 1988, Hearing Research.

[16]  L. J. Goldman,et al.  Prey recognition and selection by the constant frequency bat, Pteronotus p. parnellii , 1977, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.

[17]  Gerhard von der Emde,et al.  Fluttering target detection in Hipposiderid bats , 2004, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[18]  J. Simmons,et al.  Automatic gain control in the bat's sonar receiver and the neuroethology of echolocation , 1984, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[19]  Glenis R. Long,et al.  Masked auditory thresholds from the bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , 2004, Journal of comparative physiology.

[20]  M. Skolnik,et al.  Introduction to Radar Systems , 2021, Advances in Adaptive Radar Detection and Range Estimation.

[21]  W. Sullivan,et al.  Animal Sonar: Processes and Performance , 1990 .

[22]  Y. W. Sum,et al.  Discrimination of fluttering targets by the FM-batPipistrellus stenopterus? , 2004, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[23]  C F Moss,et al.  Acoustic image representation of a point target in the bat Eptesicus fuscus: evidence for sensitivity to echo phase in bat sonar. , 1993, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[24]  W. A. Lavender,et al.  Target Structure and Echo Spectral Discrimination by Echolocating Bats , 1974, Science.

[25]  J A Simmons,et al.  Echolocation in bats: the external ear and perception of the vertical positions of targets. , 1982, Science.

[26]  H. Hartridge,et al.  Acoustic Control in the Flight of Bats , 1945, Nature.

[27]  D. Hartley,et al.  The sound emission pattern of the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus , 1989 .

[28]  S Schmidt,et al.  Perception of structured phantom targets in the echolocating bat, Megaderma lyra. , 1992, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[29]  Bertel Møhl.  Target Detection by Echolocating Bats , 1988 .

[30]  J. Habersetzer,et al.  Discrimination of surface-structured targets by the echolocating batMyotis myotis during flight , 1983, Journal of comparative physiology.

[31]  J A Simmons,et al.  Clutter interference along the target range axis in the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus. , 1988, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[32]  Alan D. Grinnell,et al.  Discrimination performance and echolocation signal integration requirements for target detection and distance determination in the CF/FM bat,Noctilio albiventris , 1985, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[33]  R. Fay,et al.  Hearing in Vertebrates: A Psychophysics Databook , 1988 .

[34]  Charles R. Michael,et al.  The echolocation of flying insects by bats , 1960 .

[35]  J. Ewert.  Advances in vertebrate neuroethology , 1982, Trends in Neurosciences.

[36]  Greenville K. Strother.  Comments on “Aural Pulse Compression in Bats and Humans” [J. J. G. McCue, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 545–548 (1966)]. , 1967 .

[37]  D. Hartley,et al.  The sound emission pattern and the acoustical role of the noseleaf in the echolocating bat, Carollia perspicillata. , 1987, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[38]  M. Fenton,et al.  Acoustic and behavioural analyses of the sounds produced by some species of Nearctic Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) , 1977 .

[39]  J I Dalland,et al.  Hearing Sensitivity in Bats , 1965, Science.

[40]  E. de Boer,et al.  Auditory Time Constants: A Paradox? , 1985 .

[41]  Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler,et al.  Performance of Airborne Animal Sonar Systems: I. Microchiroptera , 1980 .

[42]  Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler,et al.  Adaptations for the Detection of Fluttering Insects by Echolocation in Horseshoe Bats , 1983 .

[43]  Lee A. Miller,et al.  How Insects Detect and Avoid Bats , 1983 .

[44]  C F Moss,et al.  The brain-stem auditory-evoked response in the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) to clicks and frequency-modulated sweeps. , 1994, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[45]  J A Simmons,et al.  A computational model of echo processing and acoustic imaging in frequency-modulated echolocating bats: the spectrogram correlation and transformation receiver. , 1993, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[46]  K. D. Roeder,et al.  Neuroethology and Behavioral Physiology , 1983, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[47]  H. Schnitzler,et al.  Range estimation by echolocation in the bat Eptesicus fuscus: trading of phase versus time cues. , 1989, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[48]  David J. Hartley,et al.  The effect of atmospheric sound absorption on signal bandwidth and energy and some consequences for bat echolocation , 1989 .

[49]  S. S. Stevens,et al.  Critical Band Width in Loudness Summation , 1957 .

[50]  Annemarie Surlykke,et al.  Target ranging and the role of time-frequency structure of synthetic echoes in big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus , 2004, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[51]  D. Hartley.  Stabilization of perceived echo amplitudes in echolocating bats. II. The acoustic behavior of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, when tracking moving prey. , 1992, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[52]  T W Picton,et al.  Normal hearing thresholds for clicks. , 1982, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[53]  H. Schnitzler,et al.  Information in sonar echoes of fluttering insects available for echolocating bats , 1990 .

[54]  J. A. Simmons,et al.  Low‐frequency hearing sensitivity in the echolocating bat, Eptesicusfuscus , 1982 .

[55]  J. Simmons.  A view of the world through the bat's ear: The formation of acoustic images in echolocation , 1989, Cognition.

[56]  N. Suga,et al.  Neural Attenuation of Responses to Emitted Sounds in Echolocating Bats , 1972, Science.

[57]  Axel Michelsen,et al.  Time Resolution in Auditory Systems , 1985, Proceedings in Life Sciences.

[58]  J A Simmons,et al.  Perception of echo phase information in bat sonar. , 1979, Science.

[59]  Lee A. Miller,et al.  Arctiid moth clicks can degrade the accuracy of range difference discrimination in echolocating big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus , 1991, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[60]  G. Neuweiler,et al.  Movement as a specific stimulus for prey catching behaviour in rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats , 1986, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[61]  H. Hackbarth.  Phase evaluation in hypothetical receivers simulating ranging in bats , 2004, Biological Cybernetics.

[62]  H. Schnitzler,et al.  Accuracy of target ranging in echolocating bats: acoustic information processing , 1989, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[63]  Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler,et al.  Behavioural audiograms from the bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , 2004, Journal of comparative physiology.

[64]  Lee A. Miller,et al.  The influence of arctiid moth clicks on bat echolocation; jamming or warning? , 1985, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[65]  Richard A. Altes,et al.  Echo phase perception in bat sonar , 1981 .

[66]  Donald R. Griffin.  Bat sounds under natural conditions, with evidence for echolocation of insect prey , 1953 .

[67]  Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler,et al.  Range Determination by Measuring Time Delays in Echolocating Bats , 1985 .

[68]  D J Hartley,et al.  Stabilization of perceived echo amplitudes in echolocating bats. I. Echo detection and automatic gain control in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, and the fishing bat, Noctilio leporinus. , 1992, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[69]  Volkmar Bruns.  Structural Adaptation in the Cochlea of the Horseshoe Bat for the Analysis of Long CF-FM Echolocating Signals , 1980 .

[70]  H. Schnitzler,et al.  Range resolution and the possible use of spectral information in the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus. , 1990, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[71]  J. Simmons.  The resolution of target range by echolocating bats. , 1973, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[72]  J. Mccue,et al.  Aural pulse compression by bats and humans. , 1966, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[73]  A. Grinnell,et al.  Directional sensitivity of echolocation in the horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , 2004, Journal of comparative physiology.

[74]  H. Schnitzler,et al.  The Acoustical Image of Fluttering Insects in Echolocating Bats , 1983 .

[75]  R. Busnel,et al.  Animal Sonar Systems , 1980, NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series.

[76]  K. D. Roeder.  The behaviour of free flying moths in the presence of artificial ultrasonic pulses , 1962 .

[77]  G. Neuweiler,et al.  Ears adapted for the detection of motion, or how echolocating bats have exploited the capacities of the mammalian auditory system , 1980 .

[78]  S. Stevenson,et al.  Clutter interference and the integration time of echoes in the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus. , 1989, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[79]  Sabine Schmidt,et al.  Evidence for a spectral basis of texture perception in bat sonar , 1988, Nature.

[80]  Richard R. Fay,et al.  Comparative Hearing: Mammals , 1994, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research.

[81]  M. Brock Fenton,et al.  The use of Doppler-shifted echoes as a flutter detection and clutter rejection system: the echolocation and feeding behavior of Hipposideros ruber (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) , 1984, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.

[82]  C. Moss,et al.  Acoustic information available to bats using frequency-modulated sounds for the perception of insect prey. , 1994, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[83]  R. C. Roverud,et al.  Discrimination of wingbeat motion by bats, correlated with echolocation sound pattern , 1991, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[84]  Roald C. Roverud.  A gating mechanism for sound pattern recognition is correlated with the temporal structure of echolocation sounds in the rufous horseshoe bat , 2004, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[85]  S. A. Kick,et al.  Target-detection by the echolocating bat,Eptesicus fuscus , 1982, Journal of comparative physiology.

[86]  H. Schnitzler,et al.  Die Ultraschallortungslaute der Hufeisen-Fledermause (Chiroptera-Rhinolophidae) in vershiedenen Orientierungssituationen , 1968 .

[87]  N. Suga,et al.  Peripheral control of acoustic signals in the auditory system of echolocating bats. , 1975, The Journal of experimental biology.

[88]  H. Schnitzler,et al.  The role of pinna movement for the localization of vertical and horizontal wire obstacles in the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolopus ferrumequinum , 1988 .

[89]  N. Suga,et al.  Directional sensitivity of echolocation system in bats producing frequency-modulated signals. , 1974, The Journal of experimental biology.