Two mutations were critical for bat-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus 1 2

5 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, 6 MN 55455, USA 7 2 Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, 8 USA 9 3 Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, 10 Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, 11 Shanghai 20032, China 12 4 Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese 13 Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China 14 5 Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27559, 15 USA 16 17

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