Synthesis of the Benzo[b]fluorene Core of the Kinamycins by Arylalkyne–Allene and Arylalkyne–Alkyne Cycloadditions

Arylalkyne–allene and arylalkyne–alkyne cycloadditions yields benzo[a]fluorenones, which are related to the tetracyclic core of the kinamycins. In the arylalkyne–alkyne cycloadditions, we found a rearrangement that produces benzo[a]fluorenones, in addition to the expected benzo[b]fluorenones. This rearrangement could be suppressed in the presence of phenol, which allowed the synthesis of 4,9-dimethoxy-2-methyl-11H-benzo[b]fluoren-11-one in excellent yield.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)

[1]  K. S. Feldman,et al.  A proposal for the mechanism-of-action of diazoparaquinone natural products. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[2]  A. Navarro‐Vázquez,et al.  1,2-Didehydro[10]annulenes: structures, aromaticity, and cyclizations. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[3]  L. Castedo,et al.  Synthesis of carbazoles from ynamides by intramolecular dehydro Diels-Alder reactions. , 2005, Organic letters.

[4]  C. Saá,et al.  Intramolecular formal [4+2] cycloaddition reactions of secondary and tertiary aryldiacetylene alcohols , 2004 .

[5]  A. Navarro‐Vázquez,et al.  Intramolecular dehydro Diels-Alder reactions of diarylacetylenes: switching between benzo[b]- and benzo[c]fluorenones as products by controlling the rearrangement of cyclic allene intermediates. , 2004, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[6]  B. Gabriele,et al.  Versatile synthesis of (Z)-1-alkylidene-1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans and 1H-isochromenes by palladium-catalyzed cycloisomerization of 2-alkynylbenzyl alcohols , 2003 .

[7]  Kung K Wang,et al.  Cascade radical cyclizations of benzannulated enyne-allenes. Unusual cleavage of a benzene ring leading to twisted 1,1'-dialkyl-9,9'-bifluorenylidenes and spiro[1H-cyclobut[a]indene-1,9'-[9H]fluorenes]. , 2003, Journal of Organic Chemistry.

[8]  L. Mannina,et al.  Synthesis of 3-arylisocoumarins, including thunberginols A and B, unsymmetrical 3,4-disubstituted isocoumarins, and 3-ylidenephthalides via iodolactonization of methyl 2-ynylbenzoates or the corresponding carboxylic acids , 2003 .

[9]  D. Peña,et al.  First Partially Intramolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Benzyne: Application to the Synthesis of Benzo[b]fluorenones , 2003 .

[10]  A. Navarro‐Vázquez,et al.  Cyclic allene intermediates in intramolecular dehydro Diels-Alder reactions: labeling and theoretical cycloaromatization studies. , 2003, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[11]  J. Barluenga,et al.  Cycloaddition reactions of alkoxy alkynyl Fischer carbene complexes with o-quinodimethanes (oQDMs). , 2002, Organic letters.

[12]  A. Navarro‐Vázquez,et al.  A new rearrangement of cyclic allenes via 1,2-dehydro[10]annulenes: formation of benzo[c]fluorenones , 2002 .

[13]  Takuya Kumamoto,et al.  Synthetic Studies on Kinamycin Antibiotics: Synthesis of a Trioxygenated Benz[f]indenone and its Diels–Alder Reaction to a Kinamycin Skeleton , 2002 .

[14]  G. Dmitrienko,et al.  Diazo group electrophilicity in kinamycins and lomaiviticin A: potential insights into the molecular mechanism of antibacterial and antitumor activity. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[15]  H. Li,et al.  Biradicals from benzoenyne-allenes. Application in the synthesis of 11H-benzo[b]fluoren-11-ols, 1H-cyclobut[a]indenes, and related compounds. , 2001, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[16]  A. Navarro‐Vázquez,et al.  Strained intermediates in intramolecular dehydro Diels-Alder reactions: rearrangement of cyclic allenes via 1,2-dehydro[10]annulenes. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[17]  A. Richardson,et al.  Lomaiviticins A and B, potent antitumor antibiotics from Micromonospora lomaivitiensis. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[18]  G. Boche,et al.  Oxidation of organometallic compounds (RM, M=Li, MgBr, ZnBr, CuCNLi, Cu(R)CNLi2) with tBuOOLi, Ti(OiPr)4- mediated with tBuOOH, and with O2, to give alcohols (ROH). Are radicals R involved? , 2001 .

[19]  C. Atienza,et al.  Formation of benzo[b]fluorenes and the benzo[a]fluorene core of the fluostatins by cyclization of diaryldiynones. , 2001, Organic letters.

[20]  M. Schmittel,et al.  Electronic effects in the thermal C2–C6 biradical cyclisation of enyne-allenes , 2001 .

[21]  G. B. Jones,et al.  Annulation strategies for benzo[b]fluorene synthesis: efficient routes to the kinafluorenone and WS-5995 antibiotics. , 2000, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[22]  R. Williamson,et al.  Isoprekinamycin Is a Diazobenzo[a]fluorene Rather than a Diazobenzo[b]fluorene , 2000 .

[23]  Takuya Kumamoto,et al.  Synthetic studies on kinamycin antibiotics: elaboration of a highly oxygenated D-ring , 2000 .

[24]  Graham B Jones,et al.  An intramolecular arylation route to the kinafluorenones , 2000 .

[25]  M. Schmittel,et al.  A Highly Efficient Triplet Analogue of a Thermal Biradical Cyclization—The Photochemical C2–C6 Cyclization of Enyne‐Heteroallenes , 2000 .

[26]  L. Castedo,et al.  Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Diarylacetylenes: Synthesis of Benzo[b]fluorene Derivatives via Cyclic Allenes† , 2000 .

[27]  L. Castedo,et al.  Synthesis of the benzo[b]fluorene core of the kinamycins by cycloaromatization of non-conjugated benzotriynes , 1999 .

[28]  Kung K Wang,et al.  Synthesis of a C44H26 Hydrocarbon Having a Carbon Framework Represented on the Surface of C60 via Benzoenyne-Allenes , 1999 .

[29]  Kung K Wang,et al.  Thermolysis of Benzoenyne-Allenes To Form Biradicals and Subsequent Intramolecular Trapping with a Tetraarylallene To Generate Two Triarylmethyl Radical Centers. , 1999, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[30]  M. Finn,et al.  Synthesis and cycloaromatization kinetics of aromatic allene enynes , 1999 .

[31]  Xiao-tao Chen,et al.  A Fully Synthetic Route to the Neurotrophic Illicinones by Sequential Aromatic Claisen Rearrangements , 1998 .

[32]  M. Schmittel,et al.  Cyclization of carbonyl substituted enyne-allenes: C2-C6-cyclization induced by heat or by addition of samarium(II) iodide, samarium(III) chloride, or boron trifluoride , 1998 .

[33]  M. Wills,et al.  Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Conjugated Ynones. Formation of Polycyclic Furans via the Generation and Rearrangement of Strained Heterocyclic Allenes , 1998 .

[34]  Michael Hanrath,et al.  Regioselectivity of Biradical Cyclizations of Enyne-Allenes: Influence of Substituents on the Switch from the Myers–Saito to the Novel C2–C6 Cyclization , 1998 .

[35]  T. Aoyagi,et al.  Fluostatins A and B, new inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase III, produced by Streptomyces sp. TA-3391. I. Taxonomy of producing strain, production, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological properties. , 1998, The Journal of antibiotics.

[36]  Michael Hanrath,et al.  Two Novel Thermal Biradical Cyclizations of Enyne-Ketenimines: Theory, Experiment, and Synthetic Potential. , 1998, Angewandte Chemie.

[37]  T. Aoyagi,et al.  Fluostatins A and B, new inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase III, produced by Streptomyces sp. TA-3391. II. Structure determination. , 1998, The Journal of antibiotics.

[38]  Juan J. González,et al.  Steric Hindrance Facilitated Synthesis of Enynes and Their Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition with Alkynes , 1998 .

[39]  H. Koyama,et al.  Total syntheses of O4,O9-dimethylstealthins A and C1 , 1998 .

[40]  M. Pal,et al.  Palladium-catalysed heteroannulation with terminal alkynes: synthesis of phthalides1 , 1998 .

[41]  Alicia García,et al.  Synthesis of benzo[b]carbazoloquinones by coupling of organostannanes with bromoquinones , 1997 .

[42]  F. Bickelhaupt,et al.  Formation of 1,3,5-Trilithiobenzene and Its Converson to the Corresponding Magnesium, Mercury, and Tin Derivatives. , 1997 .

[43]  A. Echavarren,et al.  An approach to the synthesis of the benzo[b]fluorene core of the kinamycins by an arylalkyne-allene cycloaddition , 1997 .

[44]  S. Gould Biosynthesis of the Kinamycins. , 1997, Chemical reviews.

[45]  V. Snieckus,et al.  Combined Directed Ortho-, Remote-Metalation and Cross-Coupling Strategies. Concise Syntheses of the Kinamycin Biosynthetic Grid Antibiotics Phenanthroviridin Aglycon and Kinobscurinone. , 1997, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[46]  M. Schmittel,et al.  Ring Strain Effects in Enyne-Allene Thermolysis: Switch from the Myers-Saito Reaction to the C2-C6 Biradical Cyclization , 1997 .

[47]  P. Molina,et al.  Formal Total Synthesis of the Alkaloid Cryptotackieine (Neocryptolepine) , 1997 .

[48]  P. Calle,et al.  Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Naphthoquinone Triflates with Stannanes. Unprecedented Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution on a Hydroxynaphthoquinone Triflate. , 1997, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[49]  Xin-zhi Sun,et al.  Synthetic Studies on the Kinamycin Family of Antibiotics: Synthesis of 2-(Diazobenzyl)-p-naphthoquinone, 1,7-Dideoxy-3-demethylprekinamycin, and 1-Deoxy-3-demethylprekinamycin. , 1997, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[50]  H. Koyama,et al.  Total syntheses of O4,9-dimethyl stealthins A and C , 1997 .

[51]  Seong-Tshool Hong,et al.  Seongomycin: A new sulfur-containing benzo[b]fluorene derived from genes clustered with those for kinamycin biosynthesis , 1997 .

[52]  Michael Schmittel,et al.  A Surprising Switch from the Myers–Saito Cyclization to a Novel Biradical Cyclization in Enyne–Allenes: Formal Diels–Alder and Ene Reactions with High Synthetic Potential† , 1997 .

[53]  Michael Schmittel,et al.  Synthesis of Novel Enyne-Allenes, Their Thermal C2-C6 Cyclization, and the Importance of a Benzofulvene Biradical in the DNA Strand Cleavage1 , 1997 .

[54]  Torsten Siebert,et al.  Steric effects in enyne-allene thermolyses: Switch from the Myers-Saito reaction to the C2C6-cyclization and DNA strand cleavage☆ , 1996 .

[55]  Michael Schmittel,et al.  An Unprecedented Biradical Cyclization as an Alternative Pathway to the Myers–Saito Cycloaromatization in the Thermal Reactions of Enyne Allenes†‡ , 1996 .

[56]  F. Hauser,et al.  TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF THE STRUCTURE PROPOSED FOR PREKINAMYCIN , 1996 .

[57]  Richard P. Johnson,et al.  Strained Cyclic Cumulene Intermediates in Diels−Alder Cycloadditions of Enynes and Diynes , 1996 .

[58]  D. Mal,et al.  The first approach to kinamycin antibiotics: Synthesis of kinafluorenone scaffold , 1996 .

[59]  M. Schmittel,et al.  Intramolecular formal Diels-Alder reaction in enyne allenes. A new synthetic route to benzofluorenes and indeno[1,2-g]quinolines☆ , 1996 .

[60]  S. Gould,et al.  IDENTIFICATION OF PREKINAMYCIN IN EXTRACTS OF STREPTOMYCES MURAYAMAENSIS , 1996 .

[61]  Michael Schmittel,et al.  Switching from the Myers reaction to a new thermal cyclization mode in enyne-allenes , 1995 .

[62]  D. Arya,et al.  DNA Cleaving Ability of 9-Diazofluorenes and Diaryl Diazomethanes: Implications for the Mode of Action of the Kinamycin Antibiotics , 1995 .

[63]  D. Cárdenas,et al.  Synthesis of Antibiotics WS 5995 A and C and Related Compounds by Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of 2-Bromonaphthoquinones with Organostannanes , 1994 .

[64]  A. Gould,et al.  Intramolecular [4+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Conjugated Enynes , 1994 .

[65]  N. Taylor,et al.  The Kinamycins are Diazofluorenes and Not Cyanocarbazoles , 1994 .

[66]  A. Echavarren,et al.  Synthesis of the benzo[b]carbazoloquinone with the structure proposed for prekinamycin , 1993 .

[67]  S. Gould,et al.  Kinafluorenone, a benzo[b]fluorenone isolated from the kinamycin producer Streptomyces murayamaensis , 1993 .

[68]  J. Verpeaux,et al.  Oxidation of Carbanions with Lithium tert-Butyl Peroxide , 1993 .

[69]  K. Shin‐ya,et al.  Structures of stealthins A and B, new free radical scavengers of microbial origin , 1992 .

[70]  A. Echavarren,et al.  Palladium-catalyzed coupling of 2-bromonaphthoquinones with stannanes : a concise synthesis of antibiotics WS 5995 A and C and related compounds , 1991 .

[71]  M. Curtin,et al.  Synthetic and kinetic studies of the intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of cycloalkenylallenylphosphine oxides , 1990 .

[72]  D. Comins,et al.  Ortho substitution of m-anisaldehyde via .alpha.-amino alkoxide directed lithiation , 1989 .

[73]  A. Streitwieser,et al.  Convenient preparation of 11H-benzo[a]fluorenone and 11H-benzo[b]fluorenone , 1988 .

[74]  R. S. Coleman,et al.  Benzylic hydroperoxide rearrangement: observations on a viable and convenient alternative to the Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement , 1986 .

[75]  D. Comins,et al.  ORTHO METALATION DIRECTED BY α-AMINO ALKOXIDES , 1984 .

[76]  K. Sharpless,et al.  Kinetic resolution of racemic .beta.-hydroxy amines by enantioselective N-oxide formation , 1983 .

[77]  K. Sharpless,et al.  Anhydrous tert-butyl hydroperoxide in toluene: the preferred reagent for applications requiring dry TBHP , 1983 .

[78]  E. Vedejs,et al.  Silicon-mediated synthesis of 11-deoxyanthracyclines , 1983 .

[79]  R. L. Funk,et al.  Transition-metal-catalyzed alkyne cyclizations. A cobalt-mediated total synthesis of dl-estrone , 1980 .

[80]  J. Kalman,et al.  Reactions of lead tetrakistrifluoroacetate with aromatic and metalloaromatic compounds. A new route to phenols , 1972 .

[81]  J. Kalman,et al.  Trifluoroacetoxylation of benzene derivatives with lead tetrakistrifluoroacetate (LTTFA) in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) , 1972 .