Biocompatible Poly(lactic acid)‐Based Hybrid Piezoelectric and Electret Nanogenerator for Electronic Skin Applications

Human machine interface (HMI) devices, which can convert human motions to electrical signals to control/charge electronic devices, have attracted tremendous attention from the engineering and science fields. Herein, the high output voltage from a nonpiezoelectric meso-poly(lactic acid) (meso-PLA) electret-based triboelectric nanogenerator (NG) is combined with the relatively high current from a double-layered poly(llactic acid) (PLLA)-based piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) for an E-skin (electronic skin) (HMI) device application. The hybrid NG with a cantilever structure can generate an output voltage of 70 V and a current of 25 μA at the resonance frequency of 19.7 Hz and a tip load of 4.71 g. Moreover, the output power of the hybrid NG reaches 0.31 mW, which is 11% higher than that from the PLLA-based PENG. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the PLA-based hybrid NG can be used to turn a lightemitting diode light on and off through an energy management circuit during a bending test. Finally, it is demonstrated that the PLA-based woven E-skin device can generate the output signals of 35 V (Voc) and 1 μA (Isc) during an elbow bending test. The advantages of biocompatible, ease of fabrication, and relatively high output power in the hybrid NG device show great promise for future E-skin applications.

[1]  J. West,et al.  Monocharged Electret Generator for Wearable Energy Harvesting Applications , 2018 .

[2]  Wenlong Cheng,et al.  Resistive electronic skin , 2017 .

[3]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  A Monocharged Electret Nanogenerator‐Based Self‐Powered Device for Pressure and Tactile Sensor Applications , 2019, Advanced Functional Materials.

[4]  Sang‐Woo Kim,et al.  Understanding and modeling of triboelectric-electret nanogenerator , 2018 .

[5]  Qing-Ming Wang,et al.  A PIEZOELECTRIC PSEUDOSHEAR MULTILAYER ACTUATOR , 1998 .

[6]  Xinyu Xue,et al.  A Self‐Powered Brain‐Linked Vision Electronic‐Skin Based on Triboelectric‐Photodetecing Pixel‐Addressable Matrix for Visual‐Image Recognition and Behavior Intervention , 2018 .

[7]  Hongwei Hu,et al.  Stretchable and self-healable hydrogel-based capacitance pressure and strain sensor for electronic skin systems , 2019, Materials Research Express.

[8]  Jeonghyun Kim,et al.  An Epidermal Stimulation and Sensing Platform for Sensorimotor Prosthetic Control, Management of Lower Back Exertion, and Electrical Muscle Activation , 2016, Advanced materials.

[9]  Yiming Liu,et al.  Single crystal PMN-PT/Epoxy 1-3 composite for energy-harvesting application , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[10]  Gerhard M. Sessler,et al.  Electret Transducers: A Review , 1972 .

[11]  G.R. Sutherland,et al.  Human–Machine Interface for Robotic Surgery and Stereotaxy , 2008, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[12]  Y. Tajitsu,et al.  Smart piezoelectric fabric and its application to control of humanoid robot , 2016 .

[13]  Jun Zhou,et al.  Paper‐Based Active Tactile Sensor Array , 2015, Advanced materials.

[14]  Kailiang Ren,et al.  Electrospun Poly(l‐Lactic Acid) Nanofibers for Nanogenerator and Diagnostic Sensor Applications , 2017 .

[15]  Rusen Yang,et al.  Flexible electronic skins based on piezoelectric nanogenerators and piezotronics , 2019, Nano Energy.

[16]  Lina Zhang,et al.  Natural Materials Assembled, Biodegradable, and Transparent Paper-Based Electret Nanogenerator. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[17]  Caixia Liu,et al.  Capacitive wearable tactile sensor based on smart textile substrate with carbon black /silicone rubber composite dielectric , 2016 .

[18]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Maximum Surface Charge Density for Triboelectric Nanogenerators Achieved by Ionized‐Air Injection: Methodology and Theoretical Understanding , 2014, Advanced materials.

[19]  Huimin Yu,et al.  Surface charge self-recovering electret film for wearable energy conversion in a harsh environment , 2016 .

[20]  Xinyu Xue,et al.  A self-powered electronic-skin for real-time perspiration analysis and application in motion state monitoring , 2018 .

[21]  Zhongqiu Wang,et al.  A Poly(l‐Lactic Acid) Polymer‐Based Thermally Stable Cantilever for Vibration Energy Harvesting Applications , 2017 .

[22]  Dong Jun Lee,et al.  Transparent and Stretchable Interactive Human Machine Interface Based on Patterned Graphene Heterostructures , 2015 .

[23]  Gerhard M. Sessler,et al.  Self‐Biased Condenser Microphone with High Capacitance , 1962 .

[24]  Yan Zhang,et al.  A Self-Powered Breath Analyzer Based on PANI/PVDF Piezo-Gas-Sensing Arrays for Potential Diagnostics Application , 2018, Nano-Micro Letters.

[25]  Yutaka Tokiwa,et al.  Biodegradation of poly(l-lactide) , 2004, Biotechnology Letters.

[26]  Qiming Zhang,et al.  An investigation of a thermally steerable electroactive polymer/shape memory polymer hybrid actuator , 2016 .

[27]  Zheng Zhang,et al.  Self-powered artificial electronic skin for high-resolution pressure sensing , 2017 .

[28]  Mengmeng Liu,et al.  Ultrastretchable, transparent triboelectric nanogenerator as electronic skin for biomechanical energy harvesting and tactile sensing , 2017, Science Advances.

[29]  D. Ghista.  Biomedical Science, Engineering And Technology , 2014 .

[30]  Jonghwa Park,et al.  Bioinspired Interlocked and Hierarchical Design of ZnO Nanowire Arrays for Static and Dynamic Pressure‐Sensitive Electronic Skins , 2015 .

[31]  Yongtian Wang,et al.  Directly printed wearable electronic sensing textiles towards human–machine interfaces , 2018 .

[32]  Wei Tang,et al.  Multilayered electret films based triboelectric nanogenerator , 2016, Nano Research.

[33]  Haoxuan He,et al.  A flexible self-powered T-ZnO/PVDF/fabric electronic-skin with multi-functions of tactile-perception, atmosphere-detection and self-clean , 2017 .

[34]  Ping Zhao,et al.  Sponge‐Like Piezoelectric Polymer Films for Scalable and Integratable Nanogenerators and Self‐Powered Electronic Systems , 2014 .

[35]  Hiroshi Mitomo,et al.  Properties of crosslinked polylactides (PLLA & PDLA) by radiation and its biodegradability , 2007 .

[36]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Biodegradable Electrospun Poly(lactic acid) Nanofibers for Effective PM 2.5 Removal , 2019, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering.