Electrocatalytic and homogeneous approaches to conversion of CO2 to liquid fuels.

Research in the field of catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to liquid fuels has grown rapidly in the past few decades. This is due to the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and a steady climb in global fuel demand. This tutorial review will present much of the significant work that has been done in the field of electrocatalytic and homogeneous reduction of carbon dioxide over the past three decades. It will then extend the discussion to the important conclusions from previous work and recommendations for future directions to develop a catalytic system that will convert carbon dioxide to liquid fuels with high efficiencies.

[1]  Koji Tanaka,et al.  Electrochemical CO2 reduction catalyzed by ruthenium complexes [Ru(bpy)2(CO)2]2+ and [Ru(bpy)2(CO)Cl]+. Effect of pH on the formation of CO and HCOO- , 1987 .

[2]  B. P. Sullivan,et al.  Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by 2,2'-bipyridine complexes of rhodium and iridium , 1988 .

[3]  C. Kubiak,et al.  Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide by the Binuclear Copper Complex [Cu2(6-(diphenylphosphino-2,2'-bipyridyl)2(MeCN)2][PF6]2 , 1994 .

[4]  D. Dubois,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of CO2 catalyzed by [Pd(triphosphine)(solvent)](BF4)2 complexes : synthetic and mechanistic studies , 1991 .

[5]  J. Sauvage,et al.  Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by nickel cyclam2+ in water: study of the factors affecting the efficiency and the selectivity of the process. , 1986, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[6]  J. Henderson,et al.  A Class of Halide-Supported Trinuclear Nickel Clusters [Ni3(μ3-L)(μ3-X)(μ2-dppm)3]n+ (L = I-, Br-, CO, CNR; X = I-, Br-; n = 0, 1; dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2): Novel Physical Properties and the Fermi Resonance of Symmetric μ3-η1 Bound Isocyanide Ligands , 1996 .

[7]  G. Balazs,et al.  Effects of CO on the electrocatalytic activity of Ni (cyclam)2+ toward the reduction of CO2 , 1993 .

[8]  J. Savéant.  Molecular catalysis of electrochemical reactions. Mechanistic aspects. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[9]  E. Fujita,et al.  Photo-Induced Generation of Dihydrogen and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Using Transition Metal Complexes , 1997 .

[10]  C. Kubiak,et al.  Dinuclear Nickel Complexes as Catalysts for Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide , 2005 .

[11]  D. Dubois,et al.  Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO Catalyzed by a Bimetallic Palladium Complex , 2006 .

[12]  J. Sauvage,et al.  Electrocatalytic properties of (tetraazacyclotetradecane)nickel(2+) and Ni2(biscyclam)4+ with respect to carbon dioxide and water reduction , 1988 .

[13]  J. Lehn,et al.  Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide mediated by Re(bipy)(CO)3Cl (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) , 1984 .

[14]  C. Kubiak,et al.  A telluride capped trinuclear nickel cluster [Ni3(µ3-Te)2(µ-PPh2CH2PPh2)3]n+ with four accessible redox states (n=–1, 0, 1, 2) , 1996 .

[15]  J. Sauvage,et al.  Nickel(II)-cyclam: an extremely selective electrocatalyst for reduction of CO2 in water , 1984 .

[16]  Jae-Hun Jeoung,et al.  Carbon Dioxide Activation at the Ni,Fe-Cluster of Anaerobic Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase , 2007, Science.

[17]  S. Sakaki.  An ab initio MO/SD-CI study of model complexes of intermediates in electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide catalyzed by NiCl2(cyclam) , 1992 .

[18]  M. Aresta,et al.  New nickel–carbon dioxide complex: synthesis, properties, and crystallographic characterization of (carbon dioxide)-bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)nickel , 1975 .

[19]  J. Savéant,et al.  Catalysis of the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide by Iron(0) Porphyrins: Synergystic Effect of Weak Brönsted Acids , 1996 .

[20]  M. Ichikawa,et al.  Electrocatalysis by metal phthalocyanines in the reduction of carbon dioxide , 1974 .

[21]  H. Eyring,et al.  Kinetic studies of the electrolytic reduction of carbon dioxide on the mercury electrode , 1969 .

[22]  B. P. Sullivan,et al.  Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 by associative activation , 1988 .

[23]  R. Huber,et al.  Catalysis at a dinuclear [CuSMo(O)OH] cluster in a CO dehydrogenase resolved at 1.1-Å resolution , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  S. Slater,et al.  Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide catalyzed by Rh(diphos)2Cl , 1984 .

[25]  C. Kubiak,et al.  Carbon dioxide chemistry and electrochemistry of a binuclear cradle complex of nickel(0), Ni2(.mu.-CNMe)(CNMe)2(PPh2CH2PPh2)2 , 1987 .

[26]  J. Savéant,et al.  Chemical catalysis of electrochemical reactions. Homogeneous catalysis of the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide by iron("0") porphyrins. Role of the addition of magnesium cations , 1991 .

[27]  E. Fujita,et al.  Reduction of cobalt and iron corroles and catalyzed reduction of CO2 , 2002 .

[28]  R. Huber,et al.  Crystal structure and mechanism of CO dehydrogenase, a molybdo iron-sulfur flavoprotein containing S-selanylcysteine. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  Meyer Steinberg,et al.  Greenhouse gas carbon dioxide mitigation: Science and technology , 1998 .

[30]  D. Dubois.  Development of transition metal phosphine complexes as electrocatalysts for CO2 and CO reduction , 1997 .

[31]  M. Hidai,et al.  Electroreduction of carbon dioxide catalyzed by iron-sulfur cluster compounds [Fe4S4(SR)4]2- , 1982 .

[32]  R. Eisenberg,et al.  Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by using macrocycles of nickel and cobalt , 1980 .

[33]  Y. Ohki,et al.  Sulfido-bridged dinuclear molybdenum-copper complexes related to the active site of CO dehydrogenase: [(dithiolate)Mo(O)S2Cu(SAr)]2- (dithiolate = 1,2-S2C6H4, 1,2-S2C6H2-3,6-Cl2, 1,2-S2C2H4). , 2005, Inorganic chemistry.