How User’s Requirements Influence the Development of Scintillators

In this chapter we discuss practical scintillation parameters which are relevant from a user’s point of view for the pragmatic choice of an existing or the development of a new scintillator. For the majority of applications the most relevant ones are density, operation speed, light yield, identification of particles, production capability, stability under ionizing radiation, durability of operational parameters. We describe five main domains of applications, each of them with its own list of requirements: high energy physics, medical imaging, security applications, physics of the universe, and well and mud logging.

[1]  P. Dorenbos,et al.  CeBr$_{3}$ Scintillator Development for Possible Use in Space Missions , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[2]  William W. Moses,et al.  Current trends in scintillator detectors and materials , 2002 .

[3]  C. Bacci,et al.  Improved limits on WIMP-19F elastic scattering and first limit on the 2EC2ν 40Ca decay by using a low radioactive CaF2(Eu) scintillator , 1997 .

[4]  Olivier Forni,et al.  The global distribution of calcium on the Moon: Implications for high-Ca pyroxene in the eastern mare region , 2012 .

[5]  B. C. Grabmaier,et al.  Phosphors for X-ray detectors in computed tomography , 1991 .

[6]  P. Dorenbos The 5d level positions of the trivalent lanthanides in inorganic compounds , 2000 .

[7]  R. Cerulli,et al.  Performances and potentialities of a LaCl3:Ce scintillator , 2005 .

[8]  Margaret S. Saha,et al.  Development of a novel radiation imaging detector system for in vivo gene imaging in small animal studies , 1996, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record.

[9]  T. Kamae,et al.  Study of energy response of Gd/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/:Ce/sup 3+/ scintillator for the ASTRO-E hard X-ray detector , 2000 .

[10]  H. Klapdor-kleingrothaus,et al.  New Monte-Carlo simulation of the HEIDELBERG-MOSCOW double beta decay experiment , 2003 .

[11]  N. Darnton,et al.  Measurement of the 14C abundance in a low-background liquid scintillator , 1998 .

[12]  B. C. Grabmaier,et al.  Effect of Pr-codoping on the X-ray induced afterglow of (Y,Gd)2O3:Eu , 1995 .

[13]  V. Kobychev,et al.  Performances of a CeF3 crystal scintillator and its application to the search for rare processes , 2003 .

[14]  S. Ogorodnikov,et al.  Processing of interlaced images in 4–10 MeV dual energy customs system for material recognition , 2002 .

[15]  R. Cerulli,et al.  Performances of a BaF2 detector and its application to the search for ββ decay modes in 130Ba , 2004 .

[16]  M. Ricard Imaging of gamma emitters using scintillation cameras , 2004 .

[17]  Li Jian-min,et al.  Radiation portal monitor systems for SNM and other radionuclides , 2007 .

[18]  B. L. Beron,et al.  The Fluorescent Response of NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), CsI(Na) and CaF2(Eu) to X-Rays and Low Energy Gamma Rays , 1967 .

[19]  Univ. Jing Gangshan,et al.  The DAMA/LIBRA apparatus , 2008, 0804.2738.

[20]  M. Korzhik,et al.  Application of PbWO4 crystal scintillators in experiment to search for 2β decay of 116Cd , 2004 .

[21]  V. Kobychev,et al.  Quest for double beta decay of 160Gd and Ce isotopes , 2000, nucl-ex/0011020.

[22]  P. Lecoq,et al.  BGO radiation damage effects: optical absorption, thermoluminescence and thermoconductivity , 1991 .

[23]  Martin Nikl,et al.  Photo‐ and radioluminescence of Pr‐doped Lu3Al5O12 single crystal , 2005 .

[24]  T. Niedermayr,et al.  Scintillators With Potential to Supersede Lanthanum Bromide , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[25]  J. Y. Lee,et al.  Development of low-background CsI(Tℓ) crystals for WIMP search , 2007 .

[26]  V. Kobychev,et al.  Search for α decay of natural Europium , 2007 .

[27]  A scintillator purification system for the Borexino solar neutrino detector , 2007, 0709.1503.

[28]  J. Beeman,et al.  Performance of ZnMoO4crystal as cryogenic scintillating bolometer to search for double beta decay of molybdenum , 2010, 1010.0103.

[29]  Urmila Shirwadkar,et al.  Selected Properties of Cs $_{2}$ LiYCl $_{6}$ , Cs $_{2}$ LiLaCl $_{6}$ , and Cs $_{2}$ LiLaBr $_{6}$ Scintillators , 2011 .

[30]  Stefan Kraft,et al.  Assessment of the radiation tolerance of LaBr3: Ce scintillators to solar proton events , 2007 .

[31]  J. Beeman,et al.  A next-generation neutrinoless double beta decay experiment based on ZnMoO4 scintillating bolometers , 2011, 1112.3672.

[32]  Novosibirsk,et al.  Radioactive contamination of ZnWO4 crystal scintillators , 2010, 1009.0898.

[33]  V. Kobychev,et al.  Search for 2 beta decay of Zinc and Tungsten with the help of low-background ZnWO(4) crystal scintillators , 2008 .

[34]  van Eijk Cw Inorganic scintillators in medical imaging. , 2002 .

[35]  L. Grodzins,et al.  Nuclear techniques for finding chemical explosives in airport luggage , 1991 .

[36]  K. Ziock,et al.  A Dual-Sided Coded-Aperture Radiation Detection System , Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment , 2011 .

[37]  M. Sonoda,et al.  Computed radiography utilizing scanning laser stimulated luminescence. , 1983, Radiology.

[38]  V. N. Kuts,et al.  LEAD MOLYBDATE AS A LOW-TEMPERATURE SCINTILLATOR IN THE EXPERIMENTAL SEARCH FOR THE NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE BETA-DECAY OF 100MO , 1996 .

[39]  K. W. Kim,et al.  Search for low-mass dark matter with CsI(Tl) crystal detectors , 2014, 1404.3443.

[40]  M. Fujiwara,et al.  Measurement of intrinsic radioactivity in a GSO crystal , 2002 .

[41]  D. Hauff,et al.  Results on low mass WIMPs using an upgraded CRESST-II detector , 2014, 1407.3146.

[42]  S. Cebrián,et al.  Bolometric WIMP search at Canfranc with different absorbers , 2004 .

[43]  S. Nisi,et al.  Investigation of beta decay of Cd-113 , 2007 .

[44]  P. Dorenbos,et al.  Non-proportionality in the scintillation response and the energy resolution obtainable with scintill , 1995 .

[45]  Hiromichi Yamada,et al.  Application of Gd2O2S Ceramic Scintillator for X-Ray Solid State Detector in X-Ray CT , 1988 .

[46]  A. Benoit,et al.  EURECA ? the European future of cryogenic dark matter searches , 2006 .

[47]  I. Štekl,et al.  Results of the BiPo-1 prototype for radiopurity measurements for the SuperNEMO double beta decay source foils , 2010, 1005.0343.

[48]  Hamid Aghvami,et al.  Adaptive quality of service aware multi-mobility anchor point registration in hierarchical mobile IPv6 wireless access networks , 2014, IET Networks.

[49]  S. Kim,et al.  Development of CaMoO(4) crystal scintillators for double beta decay experiment with Mo-100 , 2007 .

[50]  J. B. Birks,et al.  Scintillations from Organic Crystals: Specific Fluorescence and Relative Response to Different Radiations , 1951 .

[51]  P. K. Malhotra,et al.  The construction of the L3 experiment , 1990 .

[52]  J. Glodo,et al.  Optical and scintillation properties of Cs/sub 2/LiYCl/sub 6/:Ce/sup 3+/ and Cs/sub 2/LiYCl/sub 6/:Pr3/sup +/ crystals , 2005, IEEE Symposium Conference Record Nuclear Science 2004..

[53]  Multi-energy techniques for radiographic monitoring of chemical composition , 2002, physics/0206008.

[54]  F. Danevich,et al.  MgWO4–A new crystal scintillator , 2009 .

[55]  GENIUS-TF: a test facility for the GENIUS project , 2000, hep-ex/0012022.

[57]  M P Sandler,et al.  Value of iterative reconstruction, attenuation correction, and image fusion in the interpretation of FDG PET images with an integrated dual-head coincidence camera and X-ray-based attenuation maps. , 2001, Radiology.

[58]  T. Prettyman Chapter 54 – Remote Sensing of Chemical Elements Using Nuclear Spectroscopy , 2014 .

[59]  V. Kobychev,et al.  Intrinsic radiopurity of a Li2MoO4Li2MoO4 crystal , 2009 .

[60]  M. Korzhik,et al.  SUPPRESSION OF THE RADIATION DAMAGE IN LEAD TUNGSTATE SCINTILLATION CRYSTAL , 1999 .

[61]  W. Ip,et al.  Potassium Map from Chang'E-2 Constraints the Impact of Crisium and Orientale Basin on the Moon , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[62]  Francesco Scopinaro,et al.  First Results from a YAP:Ce Gamma Camera for Small Animal Studies , 1995, 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record.

[63]  J. Va’vra A new possible way to explain the DAMA results , 2014 .

[64]  P. Dorenbos,et al.  Development of low noise scintillator crystals for planetary space missions , 2012, 2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC).

[65]  Masaaki Kobayashi,et al.  YAlO3: Ce-Am light pulsers as a gain monitor for undoped CsI detectors in a magnetic field , 1994 .

[66]  S. A. Payne,et al.  Development of Transparent Ceramic Ce-Doped Gadolinium Garnet Gamma Spectrometers , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[67]  C. Levin,et al.  Methods to extract more light from minute scintillation crystals used in an ultra-high resolution positron emission tomography detector , 2004 .

[68]  R. W. Pringle,et al.  The Gamma-Rays from Neutron-Activated Gold , 1950 .

[69]  V. N. Kuts,et al.  Investigation of β+β+ and β+/EC decay of 106Cd , 1996 .

[70]  S. A. Smirnova,et al.  YAlO3 : Ce-fast-acting scintillators for detection of ionizing radiation , 1991 .

[71]  Tom Burr,et al.  Pass/Fail Criterion for a Simple Radiation Portal Monitor Test , 2012 .

[72]  S. A. Smirnova,et al.  Light source for energy stabilization of calorimetric detectors based on photodetectors , 1992 .

[73]  O. V. Misevich,et al.  High-performance transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy with YAlO3:Ce scintillation detector , 1994 .

[74]  J. Birks The Specific Fluorescence of Anthracene and Other Organic Materials , 1951 .

[75]  A. Sebastia,et al.  A flat-panel-based mini gamma camera for lymph nodes studies , 2004 .

[76]  V. N. Kuts,et al.  EVALUATION OF ACTIVITIES OF IMPURITY RADIONUCLIDES IN CADMIUM TUNGSTATE CRYSTALS , 1996 .

[77]  S. C. Lee,et al.  BaBar technical design report , 1995 .

[78]  P. Loaiza,et al.  Effect of recrystallisation on the radioactive contamination of CaWO4 crystal scintillators , 2011 .

[79]  A. Tolmachev,et al.  Intrinsic radioactivity of a Li6Eu(BO3)3Li6Eu(BO3)3 crystal and αα decays of Eu , 2007 .

[80]  N. Hasebe,et al.  Nuclear Planetology: Especially Concerning the Moon and Mars , 2012 .

[81]  P. Dorenbos,et al.  Development and Characterization of Large La-Halide Gamma-Ray Scintillators for Future Planetary Missions , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[82]  C. Eijk,et al.  Inorganic scintillators in medical imaging. , 2002 .

[83]  V. Kobychev,et al.  7Li solar axions: Preliminary results and feasibility studies , 2008 .

[84]  J. Grove,et al.  The construction and performance of the CsI hodoscopic calorimeter for the GLAST beam test engineering module , 2000, 2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149).

[85]  M. Moszynski,et al.  Inorganic scintillation detectors in γ-ray spectrometry , 2003 .

[86]  P. Raby,et al.  New developments in cadmium tungstate , 1994 .

[87]  F. Lebrun,et al.  The sigma mission on the granat satellite , 1990 .

[88]  J. C. Barton,et al.  Analysis of alpha-emitting isotopes in an inorganic scintillator , 2000 .

[89]  Univ. Jing Gangshan,et al.  First results from DAMA/LIBRA and the combined results with DAMA/NaI , 2008, 0804.2741.

[90]  George V. Chilingar,et al.  Total Organic Carbon Content Determined From Well Logs , 1988 .

[91]  Edward J. Hoffman,et al.  The use of retro-reflective tape for improving spatial resolution of scintillation detectors , 2000 .

[92]  F. Avignone,et al.  Scintillation properties and radioactive contamination of CaWO4 crystal scintillators , 2005 .

[93]  George Vourvopoulos,et al.  Non-destructive characterization using pulsed fast-thermal neutrons , 1995 .

[94]  S. Latorre,et al.  Measurements of internal radioactive contamination in samples of Roman lead to be used in experiments on rare events , 1998 .

[95]  P. Dorenbos 5d-level energies of Ce 3¿ and the crystalline environment. I. Fluoride compounds , 2000 .

[96]  T. Takahashi,et al.  Study of energy response of Gd2SiO5:Ce3+ scintillator for the ASTRO-E hard X-ray detector , 2000 .

[97]  Tom Burr,et al.  Pass/Fail Criterion for a Simple Radiation , 2012 .

[98]  K. Borozdin,et al.  Horizontal cosmic ray muon radiography for imaging nuclear threats , 2014 .

[99]  O. V. Misevich,et al.  YAlO3: Ce scintillators: application for X- and soft γ-ray detection , 1992 .

[100]  V. Kobychev,et al.  YAG:Nd crystals as possible detector to search for double beta and alpha decay of neodymium , 2004 .

[101]  F. Danevich,et al.  First test of Li2MoO4 crystal as a cryogenic scintillating bolometer , 2010 .

[102]  J. D. Valentine,et al.  Light yield nonproportionality of CsI(Tl), CsI(Na), and YAP , 1997 .

[103]  R. Hofstadter Alkali Halide Scintillation Counters , 1948 .

[104]  J. D. Valentine,et al.  Scintillator light yield nonproportionality: calculating photon response using measured electron response , 1997 .

[105]  Robert P. Johnson,et al.  Beam Test of Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope Components , 1999 .

[106]  R. Hingmann,et al.  Detection of hard photons with BaF2 scintillators , 1987 .

[107]  V. Kobychev,et al.  Search for 2 beta decay of cadmium and tungsten isotopes: Final results of the Solotvina experiment , 2003 .

[108]  C. Amsler Proton-antiproton annihilation and meson spectroscopy with the Crystal Barrel , 1997, hep-ex/9708025.

[109]  K. Heeger,et al.  Low-Background Monitoring Cameras for the Daya Bay Antineutrino Detectors , 2012, 1204.3500.

[110]  Andrei E. Borisevitch,et al.  On the development on scintillation materials operating at high temperature , 2010, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposuim & Medical Imaging Conference.

[111]  M P Sandler,et al.  Image fusion using an integrated, dual-head coincidence camera with X-ray tube-based attenuation maps. , 2000, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[112]  C. Arnaboldi,et al.  Characterization of ZnSe scintillating bolometers for Double Beta Decay , 2010, 1006.2721.