Hybrid and electric vehicles

In 2005 there were almost 240 million vehicles (cars, buses and trucks) in the US. Transportation accounts for about one third of US energy consumption and about one third of U.S. carbon emissions. Almost 90% of energy for transportation comes from petroleum (gasoline 62%, diesel 24%). Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the United States, enacted in 1975, set minimum fleet fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks. Figure 1 compares the CAFE standards to fuel economy standards around the world as of 2004. The Energy Bill of 2007 raised the US fuel economy standards to an average of at least 35 mpg by 2020. The objectives of this section are to introduce hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid and allelectric vehicle technologies. A hybrid electric vehicle combines an internal combustion engine with an electrical drive to improve fuel economy. A recent analysis conducted at the U. S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), shows that the average fuel economy improvement for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) over the replaced conventional vehicle is approximately 45 percent. Topics include opportunities for efficiency improvements, HEV architectures, operation and models of system components, and cost issues. Hybrid electric vehicles do not change the makeup of energy supply for transportation: just as conventional motor vehicles, HEVs are powered by petroleum, only more efficiently. In contrast, in addition to potentials for further efficiency improvements, plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) and all-electric vehicles (EVs) have potentials for more substantial changes in the overall energy flow by supplying energy for transportation at least in part from the electrical power grid. Briefly addressed are technical and economic challenges in plug-in HEVs and all-electric vehicles.

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