Time and frequency domain reflectometry for the measurement of tree stem water content: A review, evaluation, and future perspectives

[1]  C. Leuschner,et al.  Tree height predicts the shape of radial sap flow profiles of Costa-Rican tropical dry forest tree species , 2020, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.

[2]  E. Schilling,et al.  Modeling and Monitoring of Wood Moisture Content Using Time-Domain Reflectometry , 2020, Forests.

[3]  J. Ourcival,et al.  Hydraulic acclimation in a Mediterranean oak subjected to permanent throughfall exclusion results in increased stem hydraulic capacitance. , 2020, Plant, cell & environment.

[4]  J. Simione,et al.  MONITORING XYLEM SAP IN SUGARCANE THROUGH TDR , 2020 .

[5]  Jonas S. von der Crone,et al.  An improved single probe method for sap flow measurements using finite heating duration , 2020 .

[6]  B. Black,et al.  Quantifying Tree Hydration Using Electromagnetic Sensors , 2020 .

[7]  R. Dickinson,et al.  Modelling tree stem‐water dynamics over an Amazonian rainforest , 2019, Ecohydrology.

[8]  R. Daniels,et al.  Exploration of seasonal moisture variation in standing loblolly and slash pine using time domain reflectometry , 2019, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products.

[9]  Haiyang Zhou,et al.  Diurnal and seasonal transitions of water and ice content in apple stems: Field tracking the radial location of the freezing- and thawing-fronts using a noninvasive smart sensor , 2019, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.

[10]  P. Strom,et al.  Dielectric permittivity-water content relationships in woodchips: Particle size and temperature effects , 2019, Journal of Hydrology.

[11]  Yue Zhao,et al.  A Novel Sensor for Noninvasive Detection of In Situ Stem Water Content Based on Standing Wave Ratio , 2019, J. Sensors.

[12]  Hao Gao,et al.  Parameter Optimization on FNN/PID Compound Controller for a Three-Axis Inertially Stabilized Platform for Aerial Remote Sensing Applications , 2019, J. Sensors.

[13]  W. Anderegg,et al.  Greater focus on water pools may improve our ability to understand and anticipate drought-induced mortality in plants. , 2019, The New phytologist.

[14]  Y. Iwata,et al.  Bound Water, Phase Configuration, and Dielectric Damping Effects on TDR‐Measured Apparent Permittivity , 2019, Vadose Zone Journal.

[15]  J. Zwiazek,et al.  Hydraulic Redistribution in Slender Wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus Link Malte) and Yellow Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis L.): Potential Benefits for Land Reclamation , 2018, Agronomy.

[16]  R. Horton,et al.  Development and Application of the Heat Pulse Method for Soil Physical Measurements , 2018, Reviews of Geophysics.

[17]  H. HendrickxJanM.,et al.  6.1 Solute Content and Concentration , 2018 .

[18]  Haiyang Zhou,et al.  In situ measurement of stem water content and diurnal storage of an apricot tree with a high frequency inner fringing dielectric sensor , 2018 .

[19]  Xiuchen Wu,et al.  The role of heartwood water storage for sem-arid trees under drought , 2018, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.

[20]  G. Bohrer,et al.  The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees. , 2017, Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE.

[21]  C. Valeo,et al.  Allometry of Sapwood Depth in Five Boreal Trees , 2017 .

[22]  F. Villalobos,et al.  A single-probe heat pulse method for estimating sap velocity in trees. , 2017, The New phytologist.

[23]  D. Tingey,et al.  Seasonal patterns of bole water content in old growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). , 2017, Agricultural and forest meteorology.

[24]  J. Ourcival,et al.  Stem hydraulic capacitance decreases with drought stress: implications for modelling tree hydraulics in the Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex. , 2017, Plant, cell & environment.

[25]  A. Scheuermann,et al.  Use of Time Domain Reflectometry to Estimate Moisture and Density of Unbound Road Materials: Laboratory Calibration and Field Investigation , 2017 .

[26]  S. Fei,et al.  Divergence of species responses to climate change , 2017, Science Advances.

[27]  G. Katul,et al.  The effect of plant water storage on water fluxes within the coupled soil-plant system. , 2017, The New phytologist.

[28]  U. C. Malavasi,et al.  ESTIMATING WATER IN LIVING WOODY STEMS - A REVIEW , 2016 .

[29]  Dodi Nandika,et al.  Moisture content effect on sound wave velocity and acoustic tomograms in agarwood trees ( Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) , 2016 .

[30]  B. Si,et al.  Evaluation of five composite dielectric mixing models for understanding relationships between effective permittivity and unfrozen water content , 2016 .

[31]  Marta Martínez-Sanz,et al.  Multi-scale model for the hierarchical architecture of native cellulose hydrogels. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[32]  Jordi Cristóbal,et al.  Deciduous trees are a large and overlooked sink for snowmelt water in the boreal forest , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[33]  M. I. Ferreira,et al.  Root and stem water dynamics of rainfed grapevines in the Douro region , 2016 .

[34]  Ricardo Antonio Marenco,et al.  Tree growth, wood and bark water content of 28 Amazonian tree species in response to variations in rainfall and wood density , 2016 .

[35]  Xinling Shi,et al.  Study on Dynamic and Non-destructive Ultrasonic Echo Detection Method of Plant Stem Water Content , 2016 .

[36]  H. Yasuda,et al.  Monitoring of Stem Water Content of Native and Invasive Trees in Arid Environments Using GS3 Soil Moisture Sensors , 2016 .

[37]  R. Jiang,et al.  Spatiotemporal variability and predictability of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in Alberta, Canada , 2016, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[38]  Scott K. Anderson,et al.  Evaluation of a Direct‐Coupled Time‐Domain Reflectometry for Determination of Soil Water Content and Bulk Electrical Conductivity , 2016 .

[39]  R. Horton,et al.  Tangent Line/Second‐Order Bounded Mean Oscillation Waveform Analysis for Short TDR Probe , 2016 .

[40]  P. Cao,et al.  Bound Water Content and Pore Size Distribution in Swollen Cell Walls Determined by NMR Technology , 2015 .

[41]  Kathy Steppe,et al.  Stem diameter variations as a versatile research tool in ecophysiology. , 2015, Tree physiology.

[42]  G. Bohrer,et al.  Observations of stem water storage in trees of opposing hydraulic strategies , 2015 .

[43]  Hailong He,et al.  Evaluation of TDR for Quantifying Heat‐Pulse‐Method‐Induced Ice Melting in Frozen Soils , 2015 .

[44]  E. Schilling,et al.  Time-Domain Reflectometry for the Prediction of Loblolly Pine and Sweetgum Moisture Content , 2015 .

[45]  Kathy Steppe,et al.  Diel growth dynamics in tree stems: linking anatomy and ecophysiology. , 2015, Trends in plant science.

[46]  P. Campanello,et al.  Water storage dynamics in the main stem of subtropical tree species differing in wood density, growth rate and life history traits. , 2015, Tree physiology.

[47]  Haiyang Zhou,et al.  An improved sensor for precision detection of in situ stem water content using a frequency domain fringing capacitor. , 2015, The New phytologist.

[48]  J. Cermak,et al.  Water content measurement in tree wood using a continuous linear heating technique , 2015 .

[49]  J. Huisman,et al.  High-resolution moisture profiles from full-waveform probabilistic inversion of TDR signals , 2014 .

[50]  A. Schwartz,et al.  Direct in vivo evidence of immense stem water exploitation in irrigated date palms , 2014, Journal of experimental botany.

[51]  C. Windt,et al.  Visualization of the stem water content of two genera with secondary phloem produced by successive cambia through Magnetic Resonance Imaging 'MRI) , 2014 .

[52]  F. Konukcu,et al.  Detecting water stress and irrigation time in viticulture from stem's water content and electrical conductivity measurements , 2014 .

[53]  R. Lauhanen,et al.  The effect of girdling on the moisture content of small-sized trees , 2014 .

[54]  Naftali Lazarovitch,et al.  A review of approaches for evapotranspiration partitioning , 2014 .

[55]  C. Leuschner,et al.  Stem water storage in five coexisting temperate broad-leaved tree species: significance, temporal dynamics and dependence on tree functional traits. , 2013, Tree physiology.

[56]  M. Adams,et al.  Water flux of Eucalyptus regnans: defying summer drought and a record heatwave in 2009 , 2013, Oecologia.

[57]  Scott B. Jones,et al.  Evaluation of Standard Calibration Functions for Eight Electromagnetic Soil Moisture Sensors , 2013 .

[58]  G. Goldstein,et al.  Investigating xylem embolism formation, refilling and water storage in tree trunks using frequency domain reflectometry , 2013, Journal of experimental botany.

[59]  K. Steppe,et al.  Sap-flux density measurement methods: working principles and applicability. , 2013, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[60]  Bernhard Schuldt,et al.  Changes in wood density, wood anatomy and hydraulic properties of the xylem along the root-to-shoot flow path in tropical rainforest trees. , 2013, Tree physiology.

[61]  Hailong He,et al.  Application of Multiphase Dielectric Mixing Models for Understanding the Effective Dielectric Permittivity of Frozen Soils , 2013 .

[62]  F. Villalobos,et al.  Using the compensated heat pulse method to monitor trends in stem water content in standing trees. , 2012, Tree physiology.

[63]  K. Steppe,et al.  Sapflow+: a four-needle heat-pulse sap flow sensor enabling nonempirical sap flux density and water content measurements. , 2012, The New phytologist.

[64]  K. Steppe,et al.  A triple-probe heat-pulse method for measurement of thermal diffusivity in trees , 2012 .

[65]  Davide Canone,et al.  Evaluation of wood degradation for timber check dams using time domain reflectometry water content measurements , 2012 .

[66]  Wojciech Skierucha,et al.  Variability of moisture in coarse woody debris from several ecologically important tree species of the Temperate Zone of Europe , 2012 .

[67]  E. Priesack,et al.  Functional-structural water flow model reveals differences between diffuse- and ring-porous tree species , 2012 .

[68]  J. Martínez-Fernández,et al.  Soil water reserve estimation and vegetation relationships in a Mediterranean sub-humid forested catchment , 2012 .

[69]  Kathy Steppe,et al.  MRI links stem water content to stem diameter variations in transpiring trees. , 2012, Journal of experimental botany.

[70]  E. Schilling,et al.  Measuring the Moisture Content of Green Wood Using Time Domain Reflectometry , 2011 .

[71]  Eva Thorin,et al.  Dielectric mixing models for water content determination in woody biomass , 2011, Wood Science and Technology.

[72]  Brendan Choat,et al.  Measurement of vulnerability to water stress-induced cavitation in grapevine: a comparison of four techniques applied to a long-vesseled species. , 2010, Plant, cell & environment.

[73]  J. E. Fernández,et al.  Irrigation scheduling from stem diameter variations: a review. , 2010 .

[74]  Mª Victoria Cuevas Sánchez,et al.  Irrigation scheduling from stem diameter variations: A review , 2010 .

[75]  Rachel Cardell-Oliver,et al.  Harnessing wireless sensor technologies to advance forest ecology and agricultural research. , 2010 .

[76]  C. Windt,et al.  Most Water in the Tomato Truss Is Imported through the Xylem, Not the Phloem: A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Flow Imaging Study[W][OA] , 2009, Plant Physiology.

[77]  T. Kumagai,et al.  Impact of stem water storage on diurnal estimates of whole‐tree transpiration and canopy conductance from sap flow measurements in Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress trees , 2009 .

[78]  J. M. Blonquist,et al.  The Dielectric Response of the Tropical Hawaiian Mars Soil Simulant JSC Mars‐1 , 2009 .

[79]  Steven R. Evett,et al.  Complex Permittivity Model for Time Domain Reflectometry Soil Water Content Sensing. II. Calibration , 2009 .

[80]  Steven R. Evett,et al.  Complex Permittivity Model for Time Domain Reflectometry Soil Water Content Sensing: I. Theory , 2009 .

[81]  R. Černý.  Time-domain reflectometry method and its application for measuring moisture content in porous materials: A review , 2009 .

[82]  J. Martínez-Fernández,et al.  TDR measurement of stem and soil water content in two Mediterranean oak species , 2008 .

[83]  Melvin T. Tyree,et al.  Substituting Stem's Water Content by Electrical Conductivity for Monitoring Water Status Changes , 2008 .

[84]  Jan W. Hopmans,et al.  Frequency, electrical conductivity and temperature analysis of a low-cost capacitance soil moisture sensor , 2008 .

[85]  J. Martínez-Fernández,et al.  Response of Quercus pyrenaica (melojo oak) to soil water deficit: a case study in Spain , 2008, European Journal of Forest Research.

[86]  G. Goldstein,et al.  Temporal dynamics of stem expansion and contraction in savanna trees: withdrawal and recharge of stored water. , 2008, Tree physiology.

[87]  P. Campanello,et al.  Coordination of leaf and stem water transport properties in tropical forest trees , 2008, Oecologia.

[88]  R. Knight,et al.  Soil Moisture Measurement for Ecological and Hydrological Watershed‐Scale Observatories: A Review , 2008 .

[89]  Roberto Greco,et al.  Field measurements of topsoil moisture profiles by vertical TDR probes , 2008 .

[90]  H. Vereecken,et al.  Evaluation of a low-cost soil water content sensor for wireless network applications , 2007 .

[91]  F. Ewers,et al.  Relationships among xylem transport, biomechanics and storage in stems and roots of nine Rhamnaceae species of the California chaparral. , 2007, The New phytologist.

[92]  D. Phillips,et al.  Bole water content shows little seasonal variation in century-old Douglas-fir trees. , 2007, Tree physiology.

[93]  A. Stokes,et al.  Does growing on a slope affect tree xylem structure and water relations? , 2007, Tree physiology.

[94]  G. Goldstein,et al.  Biophysical properties and functional significance of stem water storage tissues in Neotropical savanna trees. , 2007, Plant, cell & environment.

[95]  Nathan Phillips,et al.  Tree water storage and its diurnal dynamics related to sap flow and changes in stem volume in old-growth Douglas-fir trees. , 2007, Tree physiology.

[96]  C. K. Pallaghy,et al.  Phosphorus nutrition and tolerance of cotton to water stress: II. Water relations, free and bound water and leaf expansion rate , 2006 .

[97]  S. Green,et al.  Stress induced water content variations in mango stem by time domain reflectometry , 2006 .

[98]  R. Greco.  Soil water content inverse profiling from single TDR waveforms , 2006 .

[99]  Scott B. Jones,et al.  A time domain transmission sensor with TDR performance characteristics , 2005 .

[100]  J. Domec,et al.  Axial and radial profiles in conductivities, water storage and native embolism in trunks of young and old-growth ponderosa pine trees , 2005 .

[101]  X. Yu,et al.  Time domain reflectometry for water content and density of soils: study of soil-dependent calibration constants , 2005 .

[102]  R. Borchert,et al.  Water storage capacitance and xylem tension in isolated branches of temperate and tropical trees. , 2005, Tree physiology.

[103]  Dan S. Long,et al.  Spatially characterizing apparent electrical conductivity and water content of surface soils with time domain reflectometry , 2005 .

[104]  Louise E. Ashmun,et al.  Measuring duff moisture content in the field using a portable meter sensitive to dielectric permittivity , 2004 .

[105]  R. Mitchell,et al.  Diurnal and seasonal variability in the radial distribution of sap flow: predicting total stem flow in Pinus taeda trees. , 2004, Tree physiology.

[106]  R. Funada,et al.  Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth, annual ring structure and photosynthesis in Larix kaempferi seedlings. , 2004, Tree physiology.

[107]  X. Yu,et al.  SOIL WATER CONTENT AND DRY DENSITY BY TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY , 2004 .

[108]  G. Goldstein,et al.  Functional convergence in hydraulic architecture and water relations of tropical savanna trees: from leaf to whole plant. , 2004, Tree physiology.

[109]  Frederick C Meinzer,et al.  Dynamics of transpiration, sap flow and use of stored water in tropical forest canopy trees. , 2004, Tree physiology.

[110]  N. Nadezhdina,et al.  Sap flow measurements with some thermodynamic methods, flow integration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands , 2004, Trees.

[111]  L. Urban,et al.  Granier's Thermal Dissipation Probre (TDP) method for measuring sap flow in trees : theory and practice , 2004 .

[112]  A. Nadler,et al.  Relations between Soil and Tree Stem Water Content and Bulk Electrical Conductivity under Salinizing Irrigation , 2004 .

[113]  J. Ayars,et al.  Calibration of capacitance probe sensors in a saline silty clay soil , 2004 .

[114]  B. Oswald,et al.  Spatially resolved water content profiles from inverted time domain reflectometry signals , 2003 .

[115]  A. Peter Annan,et al.  The Early Development of TDR for Soil Measurements , 2003 .

[116]  Brent Clothier,et al.  Theory and Practical Application of Heat Pulse to Measure Sap Flow , 2003 .

[117]  Tyson E. Ochsner,et al.  Development of Thermo‐Time Domain Reflectometry for Vadose Zone Measurements , 2003 .

[118]  S. Jones,et al.  A Review of Advances in Dielectric and Electrical Conductivity Measurement in Soils Using Time Domain Reflectometry , 2003 .

[119]  T. Ferré,et al.  Sample area of two‐ and three‐rod time domain reflectometry probes , 2003 .

[120]  Scott B. Jones,et al.  Modeled Effects on Permittivity Measurements of Water Content in High Surface Area Porous Media , 2003 .

[121]  T. Ferré,et al.  Transverse sample area of two‐ and three‐rod time domain reflectometry probes: Electrical conductivity , 2003 .

[122]  G. Goldstein,et al.  Whole-tree water transport scales with sapwood capacitance in tropical forest canopy trees , 2003 .

[123]  Uri Yermiyahu,et al.  Evaluation of TDR Use to Monitor Water Content in Stem of Lemon Trees and Soil and Their Response to Water Stress , 2003 .

[124]  M. G. Ryan,et al.  Reliance on stored water increases with tree size in three species in the Pacific Northwest. , 2003, Tree physiology.

[125]  M. Persson,et al.  Estimating Water Content from Electrical Conductivity Measurements with Short Time-Domain Reflectometry Probes , 2003 .

[126]  Teruhito Miyamoto,et al.  Soil Aggregate Structure Effects on Dielectric Permittivity of an Andisol Measured by Time Domain Reflectometry , 2003 .

[127]  Shmulik P. Friedman,et al.  A method for measuring the solid particle permittivity or electrical conductivity of rocks, sediments, and granular materials , 2003 .

[128]  K.C. McDonald,et al.  Diurnal and spatial variation of xylem dielectric constant in Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) as related to microclimate, xylem sap flow, and xylem chemistry , 2002, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[129]  Alessandro Galli,et al.  Time domain reflectrometry: Calibration techniques for accurate measurement of the dielectric properties of various materials , 2002 .

[130]  M. Tiitta,et al.  Electrical impedance spectroscopy device for measurement of moisture gradients in wood , 2002 .

[131]  J. Domec,et al.  Age- and position-related changes in hydraulic versus mechanical dysfunction of xylem: inferring the design criteria for Douglas-fir wood structure. , 2002, Tree physiology.

[132]  Brent Clothier,et al.  Heat-pulse measurements of sap flow in olives for automating irrigation: tests, root flow and diagnostics of water stress , 2001 .

[133]  Yoshikazu Kobayashi,et al.  Water flow and hydraulic characteristics of Japanese red pine and oak trees , 2001 .

[134]  U K Vogt,et al.  Hydraulic vulnerability, vessel refilling, and seasonal courses of stem water potential of Sorbus aucuparia L. and Sambucus nigra L. , 2001, Journal of experimental botany.

[135]  Gaylon S. Campbell,et al.  Water content, hydraulic conductivity, and ice formation in winter stems of Pinus contorta: a TDR case study , 2001, Oecologia.

[136]  Yoshikazu Kobayashi,et al.  Measurement of Stem Water Storage Used by TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) Method , 2001 .

[137]  Kosuke Noborio,et al.  Measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity by time domain reflectometry: a review , 2001 .

[138]  G. Campbell,et al.  Liquid water content of wood tissue at temperatures below 0°C , 2000 .

[139]  Mahta Moghaddam,et al.  Estimation of crown and stem water content and biomass of boreal forest using polarimetric SAR imagery , 2000, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[140]  J. Cermak,et al.  Water content in stem wood of large pine and spruce trees in natural forests in central Sweden , 1999 .

[141]  Ch Benson,et al.  Time-domain Reflectometry (TDR) in Geotechnics: A Review , 1999 .

[142]  S. Friedman.  A saturation degree‐dependent composite spheres model for describing the effective dielectric constant of unsaturated porous media , 1998 .

[143]  John Knight,et al.  The sample areas of conventional and alternative time domain reflectometry probes , 1998 .

[144]  Stan D. Wullschleger,et al.  A review of whole-plant water use studies in tree. , 1998, Tree physiology.

[145]  G. Topp,et al.  Time domain reflectometry : a seminal technique for measuring mass and energy in soil , 1998 .

[146]  Stuart O. Nelson,et al.  Microwave permittivity determination in agricultural products , 1998, 12th International Conference on Microwaves and Radar. MIKON-98. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.98EX195).

[147]  Frederick C. Meinzer,et al.  Stem water storage and diurnal patterns of water use in tropical forest canopy trees , 1998 .

[148]  P. Braun.  SAP FLOW MEASUREMENTS IN FRUIT TREES - ADVANTAGES AND SHORTFALLS OF CURRENTLY USED SYSTEMS , 1997 .

[149]  John Grace,et al.  Non-destructive measurement of stem water content by time domain reflectometry using short probes , 1997 .

[150]  J. Stein,et al.  Monitoring the dry density and the liquid water content of snow using time domain reflectometry (TDR) , 1997 .

[151]  S. Wullschleger,et al.  Measuring stem water content in four deciduous hardwoods with a time-domain reflectometer. , 1996, Tree physiology.

[152]  P. Berbigier,et al.  Transpiration of a 64-year-old maritime pine stand in Portugal , 1996, Oecologia.

[153]  J. Miller,et al.  Measurement of Soil Water Content Using a Simplified Impedance Measuring Technique , 1996 .

[154]  G. Jackson,et al.  Xylem cavitation in two mature Scots pine forests growing in a wet and a dry area of Britain , 1995 .

[155]  S. Green,et al.  Root water uptake by kiwifruit vines following partial wetting of the root zone , 1995, Plant and Soil.

[156]  A. Raschi,et al.  Water in the stems of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) assessed by computer tomography with concurrent measurements of sap velocity and ultrasound emission , 1995 .

[157]  Damian Barrett,et al.  Evaluation of the heat pulse velocity technique for measurement of sap flow in rainforest and eucalypt forest species of south‐eastern Australia , 1995 .

[158]  T. Spies,et al.  Water content measurement in forest soils and decayed wood using time domain reflectometry , 1995 .

[159]  R. Borchert,et al.  Soil and Stem Water Storage Determine Phenology and Distribution of Tropical Dry Forest Trees , 1994 .

[160]  T. Heimovaara.  Design of Triple‐Wire Time Domain Reflectometry Probes in Practice and Theory , 1993 .

[161]  R. Zabel,et al.  Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention , 1993 .

[162]  W. R. Whalley.  Considerations on the use of time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) for measuring soil water content , 1993 .

[163]  N. Holbrook,et al.  Water balance in the arborescent palm, Sabal palmetto. II. Transpiration and stem water storage , 1992 .

[164]  F. Ewers,et al.  The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants , 1991 .

[165]  Fred Murphy,et al.  Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry , 1990 .

[166]  R. Schulin,et al.  Calibration of time domain reflectometry for water content measurement using a composite dielectric approach , 1990 .

[167]  P. Pissis.  The Dielectric Relaxation of Water in Plant Tissue , 1990 .

[168]  S. Zegelin,et al.  Improved field probes for soil water content and electrical conductivity measurement using time domain reflectometry , 1989 .

[169]  H. As,et al.  Water Balance in Cucumis Plants, Measured by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, II , 1988 .

[170]  P. Pissis,et al.  A Dielectric Study of the State of Water in Plant Stems , 1987 .

[171]  T. J. Dean,et al.  SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT BY AN IMPROVED CAPACITANCE TECHNIQUE, PART I. SENSOR DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE , 1987 .

[172]  F. N. Dalton,et al.  THE TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY METHOD FOR MEASURING SOIL WATER CONTENT AND SALINITY , 1986 .

[173]  N. Turner,et al.  Phase and amplitude relations between transpiration, water potential and stem shrinkage , 1985 .

[174]  G. Topp,et al.  THE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL WATER CONTENT USING A PORTABLE TDR HAND PROBE , 1984 .

[175]  D. Kane,et al.  Monitoring the unfrozen water content of soil and snow using time domain reflectometry , 1983 .

[176]  W. R. N. Edwards,et al.  A method for measuring radial differences in water content of intact tree stems by attenuation of gamma radiation , 1983 .

[177]  R. H. Swanson,et al.  A Numerical Analysis of Heat Pulse Velocity Theory and Practice , 1981 .

[178]  A. P. Annan,et al.  Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in coaxial transmission lines , 1980 .

[179]  Richard H. Waring,et al.  The contribution of stored water to transpiration in Scots pine , 1979 .

[180]  L. Boersma,et al.  Thermal Conductivity of Soils as a Function of Temperature and Water Content1 , 1979 .

[181]  A. Kudô,et al.  Dielectric Relaxation of Water Contained in Plant Tissues , 1978 .

[182]  Richard H. Waring,et al.  Sapwood water storage: its contribution to transpiration and effect upon water conductance through the stems of old‐growth Douglas‐fir , 1978 .

[183]  H. Fellner-Feldegg.  Measurement of dielectrics in the time domain , 1969 .

[184]  R. Payne.  Application of the method of time-domain reflectometry to the study of electrode processes , 1968 .

[185]  P. Waggoner,et al.  Effects of changing stomatal width in a red pine forest on soil water content, leaf water potential, bole diameter, and growth. , 1968, Plant physiology.

[186]  W. Bloomberg,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF WOOD MOISTURE CONTENT USING THE COLMAN ELECTRODE , 1965 .

[187]  E. Reynolds.  Transpiration as related to Internal Water Content , 1965, Nature.

[188]  R. D. Gibbs,et al.  STUDIES IN TREE PHYSIOLOGY: IV. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS OF SEASONAL CHANGES IN MOISTURE CONTENT OF CERTAIN CANADIAN FOREST TREES , 1957 .

[189]  R. D. Gibbs.  SINKAGE STUDIES. II. THE SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND GAS IN TREES , 1930 .

[190]  Juan D. González-Teruel,et al.  A review of time domain reflectometry (TDR) applications in porous media , 2021 .

[191]  Mehmet C. Vuran,et al.  Time-domain and Frequency-domain Reflectometry Type Soil Moisture Sensor Performance and Soil Temperature Effects in Fine- and Coarse-textured Soils , 2019, Applied Engineering in Agriculture.

[192]  K. Steppe,et al.  Changes in stem water content influence sap flux density measurements with thermal dissipation probes , 2014 .

[193]  A. Stokes,et al.  Azimuthal variations in xylem structure and water relations in cork oak (Quercus suber) , 2011 .

[194]  Joan Bonany,et al.  Could trunk diameter sensors be used in woody crops for irrigation scheduling? A review of current knowledge and future perspectives. , 2010 .

[195]  P. Becker,et al.  Axial and Radial Variations in Xylem Anatomy of Angiosperm and Conifer Trees in Yunnan, China , 2009 .

[196]  Zhao Yandong,et al.  Experiment on the probe configuration of stem water content measuring sensor. , 2009 .

[197]  Li Shou-zhong.  Review on the Five Thermodynamic Technology Applied in the Research of Sap Flow , 2007 .

[198]  Ty P. A. Ferré,et al.  Measuring the dielectric permittivity of a plant canopy and its response to changes in plant water status: An application of Impulse Time Domain Transmission , 2004, Plant and Soil.

[199]  Pierre Todoroff,et al.  Calculation of in situ soil water content profiles from TDR signal traces , 2001 .

[200]  S. Rust.  Comparison of three methods for determining the conductive xylem area of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) , 1999 .

[201]  M. Malicki,et al.  Dielectric determination of moisture of wood using time domain reflectometry , 1998 .

[202]  D. Dickinson,et al.  MEASURING AND EXPRESSING MOISTURE CONTENT IN GREEN TIMBER , 1998 .

[203]  John S. Selker,et al.  Using short soil moisture probes with high-bandwidth time domain reflectometry instruments , 1995 .

[204]  N. Holbrook,et al.  Frequency and Time-Domain Dielectric Measurements of Stem Water Content in the Arborescent Palm, Sabal palmetto , 1992 .

[205]  Brent Clothier,et al.  Water Use of Kiwifruit Vines and Apple Trees by the Heat-Pulse Technique , 1988 .

[206]  H. G. Jones,et al.  DIURNAL CHANGES IN WATER-CONTENT OF THE STEMS OF APPLE-TREES, AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION , 1986 .

[207]  L. W. De Backer,et al.  Statistical Relationship Between Apparent Dielectric-constant and Water-content in Porous-media , 1985 .

[208]  R. Cole,et al.  Time domain reflectometry. , 1977, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[209]  W. J. Chudobiak,et al.  In Situ Meter for Measuring Relative Permittivity of Soils , 1975 .

[210]  C. G. Gardner,et al.  High dielectric constant microwave probes for sensing soil moisture , 1974 .

[211]  L. Boersma,et al.  Air Entrapment as a Possible Source of Error in the Use of a Cylindrical Heat Probe1 , 1973 .

[212]  P. Waggoner,et al.  Transpiration and its control by stomata in a pine forest , 1971 .