Advanced Photoacoustic Imaging Applications of Near-Infrared Absorbing Organic Nanoparticles.

Progress of nanotechnology in recent years has stimulated fast development of nanoparticles in biomedical research. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging as an emerging non-invasive technique in molecular imaging has improved imaging depth relative to conventional optical imaging, demonstrating great potential in clinical applications. The convergence of nanotechnology and PA imaging has enabled a broad spectrum of new opportunities in fundamental biology and translation medicine. This review focuses on the recent advances of organic nanoparticles in PA imaging applications. Near-infrared absorbing organic nanoparticles are classified and discussed according to their different imaging applications, which include tumor imaging, gastrointestinal imaging, sentinel lymph node imaging, disease microenvironment imaging and real-time drug imaging. The chemistry and PA properties of organic nanoparticles are discussed in details to highlight their own merits, and their challenges and perspectives in PA imaging are also discussed.

[1]  Lihong V. Wang Multiscale photoacoustic microscopy and computed tomography. , 2009, Nature photonics.

[2]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Functional photoacoustic microscopy for high-resolution and noninvasive in vivo imaging , 2006, Nature Biotechnology.

[3]  Chulhong Kim,et al.  Porphyrin shell microbubbles with intrinsic ultrasound and photoacoustic properties. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[4]  Gang Zheng,et al.  In situ conversion of porphyrin microbubbles to nanoparticles for multimodality imaging. , 2015, Nature nanotechnology.

[5]  Changhui Li,et al.  Biocompatible polypyrrole nanoparticles as a novel organic photoacoustic contrast agent for deep tissue imaging. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[6]  M. Thelakkat,et al.  Crystalline-crystalline donor-acceptor block copolymers. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[7]  Kai Yang,et al.  Visualization of Protease Activity In Vivo Using an Activatable Photo-Acoustic Imaging Probe Based on CuS Nanoparticles , 2014, Theranostics.

[8]  M. Tucker,et al.  Melanoma induction by ultraviolet A but not ultraviolet B radiation requires melanin pigment , 2012, Nature Communications.

[9]  Hideki Matsuoka,et al.  Near-infrared dye-conjugated amphiphilic hyaluronic acid derivatives as a dual contrast agent for in vivo optical and photoacoustic tumor imaging. , 2015, Biomacromolecules.

[10]  Frank Würthner,et al.  Perylene bisimide dyes as versatile building blocks for functional supramolecular architectures. , 2004, Chemical communications.

[11]  Lei Wang,et al.  Recent Advances in Near-Infrared Absorption Nanomaterials as Photoacoustic Contrast Agents for Biomedical Imaging , 2015 .

[12]  R. Eliakim,et al.  Endoscopic Assessment of the Small Bowel , 2013, Digestive Diseases.

[13]  Robert A Weersink,et al.  Stimuli-responsive photoacoustic nanoswitch for in vivo sensing applications. , 2014, ACS nano.

[14]  A. Daar,et al.  ‘Mind the gap’: science and ethics in nanotechnology , 2003, The Ethics of Nanotechnology, Geoengineering and Clean Energy.

[15]  John A Viator,et al.  Photoacoustic detection of metastatic melanoma cells in the human circulatory system. , 2006, Optics letters.

[16]  Zhong-Yu Duan,et al.  A photoacoustic approach for monitoring the drug release of pH-sensitive poly(β-amino ester)s. , 2014, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[17]  Changfeng Wu,et al.  Ratiometric single-nanoparticle oxygen sensors for biological imaging. , 2009, Angewandte Chemie.

[18]  Jianfeng Zeng,et al.  A Self‐Assembled Albumin‐Based Nanoprobe for In Vivo Ratiometric Photoacoustic pH Imaging , 2015, Advanced materials.

[19]  Wei Huang,et al.  Transferring Biomarker into Molecular Probe: Melanin Nanoparticle as a Naturally Active Platform for Multimodality Imaging , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[20]  Jinming Gao,et al.  Multicolored pH-tunable and activatable fluorescence nanoplatform responsive to physiologic pH stimuli. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[21]  Jesse V. Jokerst,et al.  Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles as Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging Probes in Living Mice , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[22]  Frans F. Jobsis-vanderVliet DISCOVERY OF THE NEAR-INFRARED WINDOW INTO THE BODY AND THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY , 1999 .

[23]  Vasilis Ntziachristos,et al.  Near-Infrared Photoacoustic Imaging Probe Responsive to Calcium. , 2016, Analytical chemistry.

[24]  Daniel T Chiu,et al.  Highly fluorescent semiconducting polymer dots for biology and medicine. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[25]  Jinwoo Cheon,et al.  Artificially engineered magnetic nanoparticles for ultra-sensitive molecular imaging , 2007, Nature Medicine.

[26]  K Kostarelos,et al.  Promises, facts and challenges for carbon nanotubes in imaging and therapeutics. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[27]  Stanislav Emelianov,et al.  Enhanced thermal stability of silica-coated gold nanorods for photoacoustic imaging and image-guided therapy , 2010, Optics express.

[28]  Qingqing Miao,et al.  Emerging Designs of Activatable Photoacoustic Probes for Molecular Imaging. , 2016, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[29]  A. Heeger,et al.  Visible light emission from semiconducting polymer diodes , 1991 .

[30]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Optical drug monitoring: photoacoustic imaging of nanosensors to monitor therapeutic lithium in vivo. , 2015, ACS nano.

[31]  Kate S Carroll,et al.  Sulfenic acid chemistry, detection and cellular lifetime. , 2014, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[32]  Nitish V. Thakor,et al.  Conjugated polymer nanoparticles for photoacoustic vascular imaging , 2014 .

[33]  A. Rosencwaig,et al.  Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Biological Materials , 1973, Science.

[34]  P B Cerrito,et al.  Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: a suitable alternative to routine axillary dissection in multi-institutional practice when optimal technique is used. , 2000, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[35]  Taniyuki Furuyama,et al.  Rationally designed phthalocyanines having their main absorption band beyond 1000 nm. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[36]  Feng Gao,et al.  In vivo molecular photoacoustic tomography of melanomas targeted by bioconjugated gold nanocages. , 2010, ACS nano.

[37]  Sanjiv S Gambhir,et al.  Family of enhanced photoacoustic imaging agents for high-sensitivity and multiplexing studies in living mice. , 2012, ACS nano.

[38]  J. Nurnberger,et al.  Differential responses to lithium in hyperexcitable neurons from patients with bipolar disorder , 2015, Nature.

[39]  Jinfeng Zhang,et al.  Aggregation-induced near-infrared absorption of squaraine dye in an albumin nanocomplex for photoacoustic tomography in vivo. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[40]  Raymond Bonnett,et al.  Photosensitizers of the porphyrin and phthalocyanine series for photodynamic therapy , 1995 .

[41]  Sheng-Wen Huang,et al.  Targeted gold nanorod contrast agent for prostate cancer detection by photoacoustic imaging , 2007 .

[42]  Timothy R. Cook,et al.  A Phosphorus Phthalocyanine Formulation with Intense Absorbance at 1000 nm for Deep Optical Imaging , 2016, Theranostics.

[43]  Robert M. Sayre,et al.  New trends in photobiology: Photoprotection by melanin , 1991 .

[44]  Vasilis Ntziachristos,et al.  Looking and listening to light: the evolution of whole-body photonic imaging , 2005, Nature Biotechnology.

[45]  Adam de la Zerda,et al.  Ultrahigh sensitivity carbon nanotube agents for photoacoustic molecular imaging in living mice. , 2010, Nano letters.

[46]  Qun-li Lei,et al.  Self‐Assembly of Semiconducting Polymer Amphiphiles for In Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging , 2017 .

[47]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Noninvasive laser-induced photoacoustic tomography for structural and functional in vivo imaging of the brain , 2003, Nature Biotechnology.

[48]  Kai Li,et al.  Polymer-encapsulated organic nanoparticles for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. , 2014, Chemical Society reviews.

[49]  Sheng-Wen Huang,et al.  Indocyanine-green-embedded PEBBLEs as a contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging. , 2007, Journal of biomedical optics.

[50]  A. Demming,et al.  Nanotechnology in paper electronics , 2014, Nanotechnology.

[51]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Rapid Synthesis of Near Infrared Polymeric Micelles for Real‐Time Sentinel Lymph Node Imaging , 2012, Advanced healthcare materials.

[52]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  Engineering of Multifunctional Nano‐Micelles for Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Under the Guidance of Multimodal Imaging , 2014 .

[53]  F. Arena,et al.  Water Soluble Melanin Derivatives for Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging of Tumor Vasculature and Response to Antiangiogenic Therapy , 2017, Advanced healthcare materials.

[54]  Stanislav Emelianov,et al.  Multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging and plasmon resonance coupling of gold nanoparticles for selective detection of cancer. , 2009, Nano letters.

[55]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[56]  Gang Zheng,et al.  Aggregate enhanced trimodal porphyrin shell microbubbles for ultrasound, photoacoustic, and fluorescence imaging. , 2014, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[57]  A. Landoulsi,et al.  YajL, the prokaryotic homolog of the Parkinsonism-associated protein DJ-1, protects cells against protein sulfenylation. , 2012, Journal of molecular biology.

[58]  Graeme R. Hanson,et al.  Role of semiconductivity and ion transport in the electrical conduction of melanin , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[59]  S. Vatner,et al.  A Redox-Dependent Pathway for Regulating Class II HDACs and Cardiac Hypertrophy , 2008, Cell.

[60]  Sarah E Bohndiek,et al.  Contrast agents for molecular photoacoustic imaging , 2016, Nature Methods.

[61]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  PEGylated Micelle Nanoparticles Encapsulating a Non‐Fluorescent Near‐Infrared Organic Dye as a Safe and Highly‐Effective Photothermal Agent for In Vivo Cancer Therapy , 2013 .

[62]  Tao Yang,et al.  Size-Dependent Ag2S Nanodots for Second Near-Infrared Fluorescence/Photoacoustics Imaging and Simultaneous Photothermal Therapy. , 2017, ACS nano.

[63]  Geng Ku,et al.  Noninvasive photoacoustic angiography of animal brains in vivo with near-infrared light and an optical contrast agent. , 2004, Optics letters.

[64]  Shuai Shao,et al.  Porphyrin–phospholipid liposomes permeabilized by near-infrared light , 2014, Nature Communications.

[65]  Konstantin V Sokolov,et al.  Sentinel lymph node biopsy revisited: ultrasound-guided photoacoustic detection of micrometastases using molecularly targeted plasmonic nanosensors. , 2014, Cancer research.

[66]  Chulhong Kim,et al.  Organic Nanostructures for Photoacoustic Imaging , 2016 .

[67]  J. Rybakowski,et al.  Peripheral mRNA expression of pluripotency markers in bipolar disorder and the effect of long-term lithium treatment , 2016, Pharmacological reports : PR.

[68]  R. C. Benson,et al.  Fluorescence properties of indocyanine green as related to angiography. , 1978, Physics in medicine and biology.

[69]  Bradley D. Smith,et al.  Croconaine rotaxane for acid activated photothermal heating and ratiometric photoacoustic imaging of acidic pH. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[70]  Jung-Taek Oh,et al.  Three-dimensional imaging of skin melanoma in vivo by dual-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy. , 2006, Journal of biomedical optics.

[71]  Hideo Saji,et al.  Preclinical evaluation of a novel cyanine dye for tumor imaging with in vivo photoacoustic imaging , 2014, Journal of biomedical optics.

[72]  Eleonore Fröhlich,et al.  The role of surface charge in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of medical nanoparticles , 2012, International journal of nanomedicine.

[73]  V. Ntziachristos Going deeper than microscopy: the optical imaging frontier in biology , 2010, Nature Methods.

[74]  Chulhong Kim,et al.  Porphysome nanovesicles generated by porphyrin bilayers for use as multimodal biophotonic contrast agents. , 2011, Nature materials.

[75]  F. Liu,et al.  Lithium, a common drug for bipolar disorder treatment, regulates amyloid-beta precursor protein processing. , 2004, Biochemistry.

[76]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Zeta potential: a surface electrical characteristic to probe the interaction of nanoparticles with normal and cancer human breast epithelial cells , 2008, Biomedical microdevices.

[77]  J. Simon,et al.  Wavelength‐dependent Photoacoustic Calorimetry Study of Melanin , 1998, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[78]  Jin Chang,et al.  Albumin-Bioinspired Gd:CuS Nanotheranostic Agent for In Vivo Photoacoustic/Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Tumor-Targeted Photothermal Therapy. , 2016, ACS nano.

[79]  Junjie Yao,et al.  Absolute photoacoustic thermometry in deep tissue. , 2013, Optics letters.

[80]  Warren C W Chan,et al.  The effect of nanoparticle size, shape, and surface chemistry on biological systems. , 2012, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[81]  Kanyi Pu,et al.  Recent Advances of Activatable Molecular Probes Based on Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles in Sensing and Imaging , 2017, Advanced science.

[82]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Deep reflection-mode photoacoustic imaging of biological tissue. , 2007, Journal of biomedical optics.

[83]  J. Fetrow,et al.  Fluorescent and affinity-based tools to detect cysteine sulfenic acid formation in proteins. , 2007, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[84]  Huaqiang Fang,et al.  Imaging ROS signaling in cells and animals , 2013, Journal of Molecular Medicine.

[85]  Geng Ku,et al.  Noninvasive imaging of hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation in the rat brain using high-resolution photoacoustic tomography. , 2006, Journal of biomedical optics.

[86]  Yao-Xin Lin,et al.  Supramolecular adducts of squaraine and protein for noninvasive tumor imaging and photothermal therapy in vivo. , 2014, Biomaterials.

[87]  Marco Ferrari,et al.  A brief review on the history of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) development and fields of application , 2012, NeuroImage.

[88]  Nidal Muhanna,et al.  Stable J-aggregation enabled dual photoacoustic and fluorescence nanoparticles for intraoperative cancer imaging. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[89]  Wei Huang,et al.  Perylene‐Diimide‐Based Nanoparticles as Highly Efficient Photoacoustic Agents for Deep Brain Tumor Imaging in Living Mice , 2015, Advanced materials.

[90]  Jesse V Jokerst,et al.  Nanoparticle PEGylation for imaging and therapy. , 2011, Nanomedicine.

[91]  Kanyi Pu,et al.  Reaction-Based Semiconducting Polymer Nanoprobes for Photoacoustic Imaging of Protein Sulfenic Acids. , 2017, ACS nano.

[92]  S. Gambhir,et al.  Light in and sound out: emerging translational strategies for photoacoustic imaging. , 2014, Cancer research.

[93]  Matthew O'Donnell,et al.  Functional Photoacoustic Imaging of Gastric Acid Secretion Using pH-Responsive Polyaniline Nanoprobes. , 2016, Small.

[94]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Multicontrast photoacoustic in vivo imaging using near-infrared fluorescent proteins , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[95]  Jesse V Jokerst,et al.  A Nanoscale Tool for Photoacoustic-Based Measurements of Clotting Time and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Heparin. , 2016, Nano letters.

[96]  Lihong V. Wang Ultrasound-Mediated Biophotonic Imaging: A Review of Acousto-Optical Tomography and Photo-Acoustic Tomography , 2004, Disease markers.

[97]  Jiahuai Han,et al.  A carbohydrate-grafted nanovesicle with activatable optical and acoustic contrasts for dual modality high performance tumor imaging , 2014, Chemical science.

[98]  Jin Ho Chang,et al.  Amplified photoacoustic performance and enhanced photothermal stability of reduced graphene oxide coated gold nanorods for sensitive photoacoustic imaging. , 2015, ACS nano.

[99]  Paul Kumar Upputuri,et al.  Near-infrared light-responsive liposomal contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging and drug release applications , 2016, Journal of biomedical optics.

[100]  R. Weissleder A clearer vision for in vivo imaging , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[101]  James H. Adair,et al.  Near infrared imaging with nanoparticles. , 2010, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology.

[102]  Jeffrey E. Lee,et al.  Role for Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients With Thick (≥4 mm) Primary Melanoma , 2000, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[103]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy for in vivo imaging of single capillaries. , 2008, Optics letters.

[104]  Jesse V. Jokerst,et al.  Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for In Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging , 2015, Advanced materials.

[105]  Junjie Yao,et al.  Near-infrared optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. , 2014, Optics letters.

[106]  Vladimir P Zharov,et al.  In vivo, noninvasive, label-free detection and eradication of circulating metastatic melanoma cells using two-color photoacoustic flow cytometry with a diode laser. , 2009, Cancer research.

[107]  Paul Kumar Upputuri,et al.  Recent advances toward preclinical and clinical translation of photoacoustic tomography: a review , 2016, Journal of biomedical optics.

[108]  H. Cody,et al.  Intradermal Radiocolloid and Intraparenchymal Blue Dye Injection Optimize Sentinel Node Identification in Breast Cancer Patients , 1999, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[109]  A. Chiche,et al.  Charge separation at self-assembled nanostructured bulk interface in block copolymers. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[110]  V. Zharov,et al.  Golden carbon nanotubes as multimodal photoacoustic and photothermal high-contrast molecular agents. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[111]  Chulhong Kim,et al.  Opportunities for Photoacoustic-Guided Drug Delivery. , 2015, Current drug targets.

[112]  Liang Song,et al.  Protein-assisted fabrication of nano-reduced graphene oxide for combined in vivo photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. , 2013, Biomaterials.

[113]  K. Valluru,et al.  Photoacoustic Imaging in Oncology: Translational Preclinical and Early Clinical Experience. , 2016, Radiology.

[114]  Chulhong Kim,et al.  Programmable Real-time Clinical Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging System , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[115]  David Braun,et al.  Semiconducting polymer‐buckminsterfullerene heterojunctions: Diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells , 1993 .

[116]  James Joseph,et al.  Upconversion Nanoparticles as a Contrast Agent for Photoacoustic Imaging in Live Mice , 2014, Advanced materials.

[117]  Jesse V Jokerst,et al.  Parts per billion detection of uranium with a porphyrinoid-containing nanoparticle and in vivo photoacoustic imaging. , 2015, The Analyst.

[118]  Michael Grätzel,et al.  Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)–Based Redox Electrolyte Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency , 2011, Science.

[119]  Kai Yang,et al.  Multimodal Imaging Guided Photothermal Therapy using Functionalized Graphene Nanosheets Anchored with Magnetic Nanoparticles , 2012, Advanced materials.

[120]  Brian G. Trewyn,et al.  Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Biosensing Applications , 2007 .

[121]  Hao Wang,et al.  Nano-confined squaraine dye assemblies: new photoacoustic and near-infrared fluorescence dual-modular imaging probes in vivo. , 2014, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[122]  Dong-Sheng Guo,et al.  Supramolecular Assembly of Perylene Bisimide with β‐Cyclodextrin Grafts as a Solid‐State Fluorescence Sensor for Vapor Detection , 2009 .

[123]  Basile F. E. Curchod,et al.  Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13% efficiency achieved through the molecular engineering of porphyrin sensitizers. , 2014, Nature chemistry.

[124]  Paul Kumar Upputuri,et al.  Self-quenched semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for amplified in vivo photoacoustic imaging. , 2017, Biomaterials.

[125]  Xiaoyu Guo,et al.  Transurethral light delivery for prostate photoacoustic imaging , 2015, Journal of biomedical optics.

[126]  Xiaoyuan Chen,et al.  Dual imaging-guided photothermal/photodynamic therapy using micelles. , 2014, Biomaterials.

[127]  P. Marquetand,et al.  Photoluminescence and Conductivity of Self-Assembled π–π Stacks of Perylene Bisimide Dyes , 2007 .

[128]  Younan Xia,et al.  Near-infrared gold nanocages as a new class of tracers for photoacoustic sentinel lymph node mapping on a rat model. , 2009, Nano letters.

[129]  Anna C. Balazs,et al.  Nanoparticle Polymer Composites: Where Two Small Worlds Meet , 2006, Science.

[130]  Francesco Stellacci,et al.  Effect of surface properties on nanoparticle-cell interactions. , 2010, Small.

[131]  V. Biju Chemical modifications and bioconjugate reactions of nanomaterials for sensing, imaging, drug delivery and therapy. , 2014, Chemical Society reviews.

[132]  Manojit Pramanik,et al.  Single-walled carbon nanotubes as a multimodal-thermoacoustic and photoacoustic-contrast agent. , 2009, Journal of biomedical optics.

[133]  Seth D. Crockett,et al.  Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update. , 2012, Gastroenterology.

[134]  T. Mihaljevic,et al.  Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[135]  Taniyuki Furuyama,et al.  Design, synthesis, and properties of phthalocyanine complexes with main-group elements showing main absorption and fluorescence beyond 1000 nm. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[136]  Paul Kumar Upputuri,et al.  Activatable Photoacoustic Nanoprobes for In Vivo Ratiometric Imaging of Peroxynitrite , 2017, Advanced materials.

[137]  Stanislav Emelianov,et al.  Biomedical photoacoustics beyond thermal expansion using triggered nanodroplet vaporization for contrast-enhanced imaging , 2012, Nature Communications.

[138]  Arezou A Ghazani,et al.  Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. , 2006, Nano letters.

[139]  Vladimir P Zharov,et al.  Quantum dots as multimodal photoacoustic and photothermal contrast agents. , 2008, Nano letters.

[140]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Photoacoustic imaging and characterization of the microvasculature. , 2010, Journal of biomedical optics.

[141]  Dan Ding,et al.  Semiconducting Oligomer Nanoparticles as an Activatable Photoacoustic Probe with Amplified Brightness for In Vivo Imaging of pH , 2016, Advanced materials.

[142]  Jun Xia,et al.  Surfactant‐Stripped Frozen Pheophytin Micelles for Multimodal Gut Imaging , 2016, Advanced materials.

[143]  Jun Zhao,et al.  In vitro and in vivo mapping of drug release after laser ablation thermal therapy with doxorubicin-loaded hollow gold nanoshells using fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. , 2013, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[144]  Rajesh Kumar,et al.  Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic–inorganic nanocomposites—A review , 2013 .

[145]  Jing Yang,et al.  Global, in situ, site-specific analysis of protein S-sulfenylation , 2015, Nature Protocols.

[146]  Yuejun Kang,et al.  Near-Infrared Squaraine Dye Encapsulated Micelles for in Vivo Fluorescence and Photoacoustic Bimodal Imaging. , 2015, ACS nano.

[147]  Jun Deguchi,et al.  Development of human serum albumin conjugated with near-infrared dye for photoacoustic tumor imaging , 2014, Journal of biomedical optics.

[148]  Jing Lv,et al.  Deep Photoacoustic/Luminescence/Magnetic Resonance Multimodal Imaging in Living Subjects Using High‐Efficiency Upconversion Nanocomposites , 2016, Advanced materials.

[149]  Mukund Seshadri,et al.  Non-invasive, Multimodal Functional Imaging of the Intestine with Frozen Micellar Naphthalocyanines , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[150]  Masahiro Ono,et al.  Development of photostabilized asymmetrical cyanine dyes for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of tumors , 2015, Journal of biomedical optics.

[151]  H. Hirt,et al.  Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. , 2004, Annual review of plant biology.

[152]  Yitao Ding,et al.  Cancer-cell targeting and photoacoustic therapy using carbon nanotubes as "bomb" agents. , 2009, Small.

[153]  Yao-Xin Lin,et al.  Self-assembled NIR nanovesicles for long-term photoacoustic imaging in vivo. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[154]  Dan Ding,et al.  Intraparticle Molecular Orbital Engineering of Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles as Amplified Theranostics for in Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy. , 2016, ACS nano.

[155]  Shaker A Mousa,et al.  Nanoparticles and cancer therapy: A concise review with emphasis on dendrimers , 2009, International journal of nanomedicine.

[156]  Liang Song,et al.  Dual-color photoacoustic lymph node imaging using nanoformulated naphthalocyanines. , 2015, Biomaterials.

[157]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine , 2006 .

[158]  Hao Zhang,et al.  Imaging of hemoglobin oxygen saturation variations in single vessels in vivo using photoacoustic microscopy , 2007 .

[159]  S. Achilefu,et al.  Near-infrared pH-activatable fluorescent probes for imaging primary and metastatic breast tumors. , 2011, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[160]  M. Takeda,et al.  Nano‐sized fluorescent particles as new tracers for sentinel node detection: Experimental model for decision of appropriate size and wavelength , 2005, Cancer science.

[161]  Steven R. Emory,et al.  Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering , 1997, Science.

[162]  Changhui Li,et al.  Enzyme-responsive copper sulphide nanoparticles for combined photoacoustic imaging, tumor-selective chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[163]  Chunlei Zhu,et al.  Conjugated polymer nanoparticles: preparation, properties, functionalization and biological applications. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[164]  Da Xing,et al.  In vivo detection of hemoglobin oxygen saturation and carboxyhemoglobin saturation with multiwavelength photoacoustic microscopy. , 2012, Optics letters.

[165]  S. Arridge,et al.  Quantitative spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging: a review. , 2012, Journal of biomedical optics.

[166]  Junjie Yao,et al.  Photoacoustic tomography: fundamentals, advances and prospects. , 2011, Contrast media & molecular imaging.

[167]  S. Emelianov,et al.  Silica-coated gold nanorods as photoacoustic signal nanoamplifiers. , 2011, Nano letters.

[168]  Nitish Thakor,et al.  Encapsulated Conjugated Oligomer Nanoparticles for Real-Time Photoacoustic Sentinel Lymph Node Imaging and Targeted Photothermal Therapy. , 2016, Small.

[169]  Jianghong Rao,et al.  Recent advances of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles in in vivo molecular imaging. , 2016, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[170]  Xin Cai,et al.  Noninvasive photoacoustic and fluorescence sentinel lymph node identification using dye-loaded perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. , 2011, ACS nano.

[171]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Photoacoustic Tomography: In Vivo Imaging from Organelles to Organs , 2012, Science.

[172]  Aaron Peled,et al.  Synthesis of nanoparticles in the gas phase for electronic, optical and magnetic applications—a review , 1998 .

[173]  Tianfu Wang,et al.  Recent Advances in Photoacoustic Imaging for Deep-Tissue Biomedical Applications , 2016, Theranostics.

[174]  M. Ferrari Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges , 2005, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[175]  Mark E. Davis,et al.  Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer , 2008, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[176]  Guillermo Aguilar,et al.  A comparative study of photoacoustic and reflectance methods for determination of epidermal melanin content. , 2004, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[177]  Kate S. Carroll,et al.  Profiling protein thiol oxidation in tumor cells using sulfenic acid-specific antibodies , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.