Dose-response of mussels to chlorine

Chlorine, like any other biocide, produces a dose-dependent response in organisms. However, the response is dependent on a number of parameters. Chlorination of cooling water leaves residuals and by-products that are potential pollutants in the receiving water body and can impact nontarget organisms. Therefore, it is imperative to generate data on the chlorine dose–response relationships of important fouling organisms, such as various mussel species, for efficient but environmentally acceptable biofouling control. Data are presented to show the effects of mussel size (shell length), season of sample collection (spawning vs. nonspawning season), nutritional status (fed vs. nonfed), and acclimation temperature (5–30°C) on the mortality pattern of different mussel species under continuous chlorination (0.5–5 mg L−1). From the data, it can be concluded that although various factors can influence the dose–response relationships of mussels, generalization is not possible because of species specificity. Among the various parameters, mussel species, mussel size, status of byssal attachment, spawning season, and acclimation temperature have significant effect on chlorine tolerance of mussels, whereas nutritional status shows very little effect. Keywords: chlorine; dose–response; biofouling control; mussels; spawning season; byssal attachment

[1]  H. Jenner,et al.  Tolerance of five species of tropical marine mussels to continuous chlorination. , 2003, Marine environmental research.

[2]  H. Jenner,et al.  Control of Brackish Water Fouling Mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad), with Sodium Hypochlorite , 2002, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[3]  H. Jenner,et al.  Effects of low-level chlorination on zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. , 2002, Water research.

[4]  H. Jenner,et al.  Does status of attachment influence survival time of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, exposed to chlorination? , 2002, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[5]  H. Jenner,et al.  Sublethal Responses of Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha to Low-level Chlorination: An Experimental Study , 2002 .

[6]  H. Jenner,et al.  Laboratory Evaluation of the Toxicity of Chlorine to the Fouling Hydroid Cordylophora caspia , 2002 .

[7]  A. Bermond,et al.  Characterization of Chlorination By-products in Cooling Effluents of Coastal Nuclear Power Stations , 1999 .

[8]  H. Jenner,et al.  Shell valve movement response of dark false mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeta, to chlorination , 1997 .

[9]  D. P. Lewis,et al.  Combined use of heat and oxidants for controlling adult zebra mussels , 1997 .

[10]  D. J. DeGirolamo,et al.  Zebra mussel mortality with chlorine , 1995 .

[11]  M. Baker,et al.  Effects of season, stock, and laboratory protocols on survival of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in bioassays , 1994 .

[12]  H. Jenner,et al.  How effective is intermittent chlorination to control adult mussel fouling in cooling water systems? , 2003, Water research.

[13]  H. Jenner,et al.  Chlorination and mussel control in the cooling conduits of a tropical coastal power station , 1996 .