Effects of calcium based surface amendments on hydraulic conductivity and selected physical properties of subsurface drained sodic soils

.................................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xi 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Salt-affected soils ............................................................................................................. 2 1.3. Remediation of salt affected soils .................................................................................... 3 1.4. Soil penetration resistance ................................................................................................ 4 1.5. Infiltration......................................................................................................................... 6 1.5.1. Water infiltration models .......................................................................................... 7 1.5.2. Disc infiltrometer ...................................................................................................... 8 1.5.3. Ponded infiltrometers ................................................................................................ 9 1.5.4. Rain simulators ....................................................................................................... 10 1.5.5. Cornell sprinkler infiltrometer ................................................................................ 10 1.5.6. Field infiltration studies .......................................................................................... 11 1.6. Objectives of research .................................................................................................... 11 1.6.1. Specific objectives of research ................................................................................ 12 1.7. Organization of dissertation ........................................................................................... 12 1.8. References ...................................................................................................................... 13 2. EFFECTS OF CALCIUM BASED SURFACE AMENDMENTS ON THE PENETRATION RESISTANCE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINED SODIC SOILS ..................... 17 2.1. Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 17

[1]  I. Szabolcs,et al.  Salt Affected Soils , 1988 .

[2]  S. Lesch,et al.  Infiltration into cropped soils: effect of rain and sodium adsorption ratio-impacted irrigation water. , 2008, Journal of environmental quality.

[3]  D. Chanasyk,et al.  In situ amelioration of sodic minespoil with chemical amendments and crop management: II. Soil physical properties, soil moisture and plant growth , 1998 .

[4]  W. E. Hedstrom,et al.  Trafficability Factor in a Silty Clay Loam Soil , 1982 .

[5]  C. Bradley,et al.  LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF A SINGLE APPLICATION OF SPENT LIME ON SUGARBEET , APHANOMYCES ROOT ROT , ROTATON CROPS , AND ANTAGONISTIC MICROORGANISMS , 2008 .

[6]  Chris Saunders,et al.  Three-dimensional discrete element modelling (DEM) of tillage: Accounting for soil cohesion and adhesion , 2015 .

[7]  H. Gerke,et al.  Morphology of physical soil crusts and infiltration patterns in an artificial catchment , 2013 .

[8]  Charles L. Peterson,et al.  Agricultural machinery management : a compilation of peer-reviewed articles, standards, engineering practices, data, and terminology , 1988 .

[9]  K. Beven,et al.  Macropores and water flow in soils , 1982 .

[10]  M. F. Kocher,et al.  Tillage implement forces operating in silty clay loam , 1996 .

[11]  B. Clothier,et al.  Hydraulic Properties and the Water-Conducting Porosity as Affected by Subsurface Compaction using Tension Infiltrometers , 2011 .

[12]  A. Fotovat,et al.  Effect of Soil Conditioners on Cation Ratio of Soil Structural Stability, Structural Stability Indicators in a Sodic Soil, and on Dry Weight of Maize , 2014 .

[13]  Michael E. Barber,et al.  SWAT modeling with uncertainty and cluster analyses of tillage impacts on hydrological processes , 2014, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment.

[14]  Payam Javadikia,et al.  Tillage depth and forward speed effects on draft of three primary tillage implements in clay loam soil. , 2009 .

[15]  T. DeSutter,et al.  Sugar-Beet-Processing Lime as an Amendment for Low pH Soils , 2010 .

[16]  C. Roth,et al.  Effects of lime and gypsum on clay dispersion and infiltration in samples of a Brazilian Oxisol , 1991 .

[17]  S. H. Ahmadi,et al.  Geostatistical analysis of sorptivity for a soil under tilled and no-tilled conditions , 2005 .

[18]  R. Carsel,et al.  Developing joint probability distributions of soil water retention characteristics , 1988 .

[19]  R. Lal,et al.  Tillage and drainage impact on soil quality: II. Tensile strength of aggregates, moisture retention and water infiltration , 2009 .

[20]  Abdelkhalak El Hami,et al.  Estimating the Variability of Tillage Forces on a Chisel Plough Shank by Modeling the Variability of Tillage System Parameters , 2011 .

[21]  W. Anderson,et al.  Improving soil physical fertility and crop yield on a clay soil in Western Australia , 2002 .

[22]  Gerrit H. de Rooij,et al.  Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. Physical Methods , 2004 .

[23]  N. Kyei-Baffour,et al.  The impacts of sodicity on soil strength , 2004 .

[24]  D. Steele,et al.  Field capacity water as influenced by Na and EC: Implications for subsurface drainage , 2015 .

[25]  M. R. Carter.  Relationship of strength properties to bulk density and macroporosity in cultivated loamy sand to loam soils. , 1990 .

[26]  Thomas Baumgartl,et al.  Hydraulic Conductivity Increases in a Sodic Clay Soil in Response to Gypsum Applications: Impacts of Bulk Density and Cation Exchange , 2012 .

[27]  Dean D. Steele,et al.  Subsurface Drainage and Subirrigation Effects on Water Quality in Southeast North Dakota , 2012 .

[28]  K. Smettem.  The relation of earthworms to soil hydraulic properties , 1992 .

[29]  T. Baumgartl,et al.  Applying HYDRUS to Flow in a Sodic Clay Soil with Solution Composition–Dependent Hydraulic Conductivity , 2012 .

[30]  R. H. Qureshi,et al.  Chemical changes in a saline-sodic soil after gypsum application and cropping , 1997 .

[31]  M. Shahin,et al.  Cementation of sand soil by microbially induced calcite precipitation at various degrees of saturation , 2013 .

[32]  Randy L. Raper,et al.  Soil moisture effects on energy requirements and soil disruption of subsoiling a coastal plain soil , 2004 .

[33]  Azmi Yahya,et al.  Mapping system for tractor-implement performance , 2009 .

[34]  S. K. Upadhyaya,et al.  Energy Requirements for Chiseling in Coastal Plain Soils , 1984 .

[35]  Bijay-Singh,et al.  Effects of long-term use of sodic water irrigation, amendments and crop residues on soil properties and crop yields in rice–wheat cropping system in a calcareous soil , 2011 .

[36]  T. DeSutter,et al.  Biological indicators provide short term soil health assessment during sodic soil reclamation , 2015 .

[37]  Dispersion of Pure Clay Minerals as Influenced by Calcium/Magnesium Ratios, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, and Electrical Conductivity , 2013 .

[38]  F. Şahin,et al.  Microbial application with gypsum increases the saturated hydraulic conductivity of saline-sodic soils , 2011 .

[39]  L. Bentley,et al.  Hydraulic Conductivity Dynamics during Salt Leaching of a Sodic, Structured Subsoil , 2014 .

[40]  G. Murtaza,et al.  Use of saline-sodic waters through phytoremediation of calcareous saline-sodic soils , 2001 .

[41]  A. Barzegar,et al.  Effect of sodicity and salinity on disaggregation and tensile strength of an Alfisol under different cropping systems , 1994 .

[42]  Chris Saunders,et al.  Three-dimensional discrete element modelling of tillage: Determination of a suitable contact model and parameters for a cohesionless soil , 2014 .

[43]  Measurement of Evaporation and Transportation with Lysimeters , 1985 .

[44]  R. Earl.  Prediction of trafficability and workability from soil moisture deficit , 1997 .

[45]  Me Sumner,et al.  Sodic soils - New perspectives , 1993 .

[46]  M. Essington.  Soil and Water Chemistry: An Integrative Approach, Second Edition , 2015 .

[47]  D. P. Froehlich,et al.  Effects of Exchangeable Soil Sodium on Implement Draft , 1989 .

[48]  Chris Saunders,et al.  A force prediction model for mouldboard ploughs incorporating the effects of soil characteristic properties, plough geometric factors and ploughing speed , 2007 .

[49]  R. Lal,et al.  Soil structure and management: a review , 2005 .

[50]  Renduo Zhang,et al.  Determination of soil sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity from the disk infiltrometer , 1997 .

[51]  K. Chan,et al.  Improved Structural Stability of an Acidic Hardsetting Soil Attributable to Lime Application , 2007 .

[52]  Timothy M. Harrigan,et al.  Draft relationships for tillage and seeding equipment , 1995 .

[53]  R. Govindaraju,et al.  A conceptual model for infiltration in two-layered soils with a more permeable upper layer: From local to field scale , 2011 .

[54]  D. Greenland,et al.  EFFECTS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE ON THE SWELLING BEHAVIOUR OF A SOIL CLAY , 1976 .

[55]  L. Aylmore,et al.  How do sodic soils behave? The effects of sodicity on soil physical behaviour , 1993 .

[56]  Roger M. Hoy,et al.  Verifying Power Claims of High-Power Agricultural Tractors Without a PTO to Sell in Nebraska , 2011 .

[57]  D. Chittleborough,et al.  THE INFLUENCE OF MACROPORES ON RUNOFF GENERATION FROM A HILLSLOPE SOIL WITH A CONTRASTING TEXTURAL CLASS , 1991 .

[58]  U. Usa.  Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. , 1954 .

[59]  A. Ellington.  Effects of deep ripping, direct drilling, gypsum and lime on soils, wheat growth and yield , 1986 .

[60]  B. T. Cross,et al.  Chain Diker Draft and Power Requirements , 1994 .

[61]  M. Agassi,et al.  Effect of raindrop impact energy and water salinity on infiltration rates of sodic soils , 1985 .

[62]  M. F. Kocher,et al.  Predicting Tractor Fuel Consumption , 2003 .

[63]  Johan Arvidsson,et al.  Specific draught for mouldboard plough, chisel plough and disc harrow at different water contents , 2004 .

[64]  L. Müller,et al.  Trafficability and workability of alluvial clay soils in response to drainage status , 1990 .

[65]  Scott A. Malcolm,et al.  The Influence of Rising Commodity Prices on the Conservation Reserve Program , 2010 .

[66]  G. W. Steinbruegge,et al.  Determining Drawbar-Performance Characteristics of New Tractors , 1966 .

[67]  K. Chan,et al.  Lime improves emergence of canola on an acidic, hardsetting soil , 2003 .

[68]  C. Mullins,et al.  Hardsetting Soils: Behavior, Occurrence, and Management , 1990 .

[69]  L. Aylmore,et al.  Assessing management-induced changes in the structural stability of hardsetting soils , 1991 .

[70]  E. McCoy,et al.  Hydrologic properties and leachate nutrient responses of soil columns collected from gypsum-treated fields , 2013 .

[71]  M. Iovino,et al.  Field and laboratory approaches for determining sodicity effects on saturated soil hydraulic conductivity , 2006 .